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内発的動機づけとは?社員の「やる気」を引き出す重要性と方法|HRドクター|株式会社ジェイック 内発的動機づけとは?社員の「やる気」を引き出す重要性と方法
内発的動機づけとは、自分自身の内側から生まれる強い興味や関心・探求心、意欲による動機づけを指す言葉です。これに対して、報酬や名誉・評価など、外部から与えられるものによる動機づけを「外発的動機づけ」といいます。
高いモチベーションで仕事に取り組んでもらいたい、社員のやる気を引き出したいというのであれば、「内発的動機づけ」が欠かせません。
記事では、内発的動機づけの構成要素や、組織やマネジメントで内発的動機づけを行なうための方法を解説します。
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内発的動機づけ・外発的動機づけとは?
冒頭でも簡単に触れた「内発的動機づけ」がどういうものか詳しく理解するために、言葉の意味を整理しておきます。
まずは「動機」という単語です。「動機」とは行動を起こす原動力のことで、英語ではモチベーション(motivation)と表現されます。ビジネスの中で「モチベーション」というと、「やる気」に近いニュアンスで理解され、曖昧なものと思われがちです。
しかし、言葉本来の意味である「モチベーション(動機)」は行動心理学的にも検証されており、マネジメントにおいてメンバーの動機づけを行なうことは成果を上げる・生産性を高めるために重要です。
また、動機づけには、「外発的動機づけ」と「内発的動機づけ」の2種類があります。
内発的動機づけ
内発的動機づけは、自分自身の内側から生まれる動機を使った動機づけを指します。
内側から生まれる動機とは例えば、強い興味や関心であったり「もっと知りたい」といった探求心であったり、「もっとやりたい、挑戦したい」という意欲、仕事自体のやりがい・面白さなどです。
内発的動機づけは、外から直接的に作用できないためマネジメントで活用する難易度は高いですが、自分自身の内側から湧き出る動機であるため限りがなく、かつ報酬なども必要ありません。
外発的動機づけ
外発的動機づけとは、報酬や名誉、評価など、外部から与えられるもので動機づけする手法です。金銭的な報酬以外にも、表彰や昇格、また感謝などの精神的な報酬を与えることも外発的動機づけの一つです。
外発的動機づけは、言葉の通り、外部から与えることができ即効性も高いため、マネジメントには非常に有効な手段になります。一方で、社員にとっては受動的な動機づけとなりますので、報酬への慣れや耐性が生じるなどの課題も存在します。
次章以降では、さらに詳しく内発的動機づけについて解説していきます。
内発的動機づけの3つの要件
内発的動機づけが行なわれるには、以下3つの要件が必要となります。
目的
要件の1つめは、目的です。内発的動機づけが行なわれるためには、仕事の目的や意義などにポジティブな「意味」を見出し、「仕事自体が楽しい、やりがいを感じる」状態であることが不可欠です。
自己決定感
「自己決定感がある」状態とは、管理や強制されて行なうのではなく、「自分自身で決断し行動している」感覚が得られている状態を指します。自らの責任で能動的に行動できることが、モチベーションアップに繋がります。
仕事の目的や意義にポジティブな意味を見出していても、上からの指示命令が強く、裁量がないといった状態ですと、内発的動機づけは行なわれませんので注意が必要です。
自己効力感
自己効力感とは、「自分はこの仕事をやり遂げられる」という自信や確信です。「仕事の結果をある程度予測できる、成果をコントロールできる」という感覚は、仕事の面白さにも繋がります。仕事に対する探求心や興味に繋がり、内発的動機を強めます。
動機づけがなぜ重要なのか?
前述の通り、動機は「行動を起こす原動力」となるものです。従って、動機づけが行なわれていれば、以下のような効果が得られ仕事の成果や生産性の向上が期待できます。
行動スピードが速まる
動機は行動に繋がるものですので、動機づけができれば行動のスピードアップが期待できます。特に内発的動機づけは、メンバー自らが「やりたいから仕事に取り組む」状態です。従って、モチベーションが維持されやすく、行動スピードが速い状態が継続します。
行動量が増える
行動スピードが速まることに相まって、行動量も増えることが期待できます。特に内発的動機づけでは、仕事自体に興味・関心が働いていますので、自然と社員の行動量が増えていきます。
集中力が高まる
仕事への興味ややりがいを強く持っていれば、仕事に取り組む際の集中力も高まります。子どもの頃遊びに熱中していたように、仕事に集中して一生懸命取り組むことができます。
仕事の質が高まる
仕事への集中力が高まることによって、自然と仕事の質も高まっていきます。高いモチベーションで取り組めるので、もしミスがあっても再発防止のためのアイデアを自ら導き出すことができるようになるでしょう。そうすれば、仕事の質はどんどん向上していきます。
チャレンジ精神が生まれる
仕事への探求心や興味が深まることによって、チャレンジ精神が生まれます。そうすると、新たなプロジェクトに対しても意欲的に挑戦できたり、業務に関連するスキル取得に取り組んだりなど、仕事に対して能動的に行動できるようになります。
内発的動機づけのメリット・デメリット(注意点)
これまでお伝えしてきたように、動機づけには「内発的動機づけ」と「外発的動機づけ」があります。本章では、2つの方法を比較しながら、内発的動機づけのメリットとデメリット(注意点)を解説します。
内発的動機づけと外発的動機づけで優劣はありません。それぞれのメリットとデメリット(注意点)を把握して、うまく組み合わせていきましょう。
内発的動機づけのメリット
それぞれ見ていきましょう。
・長期的に維持できる
内発的動機づけのメリットの1つめは、長期的に維持できることです。外発的動機づけの場合、金銭的・精神的な報酬を与えるのを止めると、報酬に起因していたモチベーションは止まってしまいます。
一方で、内発的動機づけの場合、目的・自己決定感・自己効力感の3要素が保たれている限り、外部から報酬を与えなくても、長期的にモチベーションが維持できます。
・際限がない
内発的動機づけには際限がありません。
外発的動機づけの場合、実施しているうちに報酬の刺激に対して慣れが生じます。そうすると、報酬をどんどん大きくしていかなければ社員のモチベーションを維持できなくなってしまいがちです。
しかし、内発的動機づけの場合、自身の内面からモチベーションが湧き出ている状態です。「仕事の報酬は仕事」という状態であり、報酬などに依存することなく、際限なくモチベーションが湧き出てきます。
・コストがかからない
最後に、内発的動機づけはコストがかかりません。外発的動機づけでは、報酬、賞与といったインセンティブが必要ですが、内発的動機づけは、社員の内面に起因する動機であるため、コストはかかりません。
デメリット(注意点)
内発的動機づけのデメリット(注意点)は以下の通りです。
- 外部からコントロールが難しい
- 即効性がない
- 標準化が難しい
それぞれ、見ていきましょう。
・外部からコントロールが難しい
内発的動機は外部からコントロールすることが難しいです。外発的動機づけの場合、報酬や賞与、昇格など分かりやすく、字のごとく「外から」与えることができます。
一方、内発的動機づけに必要な要素、「仕事の目的(意味)」「自己決定感」「自己効力感」は、マネジメントや研修を通じて影響を与えることはできますが、直接的に操作はできないものです。
・即効性がない
内発的動機づけの要素を見て分かる通り、内発的動機づけは、長期的に育まれることがほとんどです。そのため、即効性がありません。
外発的動機づけの場合、典型的な例として「キャンペーン」といった形で短期的に生み出すことが可能ですが、内発的動機づけでは即効性を持たせることは難しくなります。
・標準化が難しい
最後に、内発的動機づけは標準化が難しいという点があります。内発的動機は、社員本人の内側から湧き出るものであり、個々人の価値観や特性に大きく左右されます。従って、外発的動機のように制度や仕組みによる標準化が非常に難しいという特徴があります。
ミッションビジョンの浸透や考え方研修、1on1ミーティングなどを通じて中長期的に働きかけをしていくことが不可欠です。
内発的動機づけの方法
この章では、内発的動機づけの方法を具体的に見ていきましょう。内発的動機を構成する3要素を軸にして、各要素を相乗的に高めていくことが大切になります。
仕事の意味づけを行なう
仕事の意味づけを行なうことは、「目的」を見出すことに繋がります。企業としてのミッションやビジョンを浸透させ、自分の仕事が価値を生み出していること自覚してもらいましょう。顧客の声などを通じて価値提供している実感を促すこともおススメです。
意味ややりがいを見出すためには、自己理解が進んでいることも大切です。研修などを通じて個人のミッションや価値観を明確化し、仕事内容との一致点を見出せる状態をつくることが大切です。アプローチの方法としては、研修や1on1ミーティングなどを繰り返し、中長期的に働きかけることが大切です。
意味づけ、自己決定感などを引き出すためには、管理職層が「コーチング」のスキルを身に付けることも有効です。コーチングの基本については、以下の記事で解説しています。
自己決定感を高める
自己決定感を高めるための方法としては、社員に対する権限移譲、ボトムアップ(意見吸収)型のマネジメントを行なう、存在承認や感謝の声かけを積極的にするなどが有効です。近年注目されている「エンパワーメント」の概念に着目することも、モチベーション向上に役立つでしょう。
以下の記事で、社員の自己決定感を高め主体性を高める「エンパワーメント」について詳しく解説しています。
自己効力感を高める
「仕事をやり遂げられる」という自信や確信である自己効力感。自己効力感を高めるためには、振り返り研修や成長実感の獲得、能力向上の働きかけ、良い行動の習慣化などに取り組むのが有効です。
特に、日々の業務の中で「今日できたこと」を振り返る習慣は、自己効力感の向上に効果的です。
どんなに些細なことでも構わないので、日誌や日報を活用して、「数値を動かしたり成果が出せたりできたこと」「感謝してもらえたこと、笑顔になってもらえたこと」などを振り返る習慣をつくりましょう。
自分自身の成功体験を認識することが、自己効力感の向上に繋がります。
内発的動機づけの効果を高めるポイント
内発的動機づけの効果を高めるポイントをご紹介します。内発的動機づけを実践する際、以下に注意することで、効果をより高めることができるでしょう。
自己認識を深める機会をつくる
内発的動機づけを行うためには、自己認識を深めることが重要です。そのための機会を作ることがポイントです。
自己認識を深めるためには、1on1などの面談も役立ちますが、上司との1on1などの社内面談は上司に一定のスキルがないと深掘りできない、ついアドバイスが多くなってしまうといった傾向もあります。従って、管理職向けのコーチング研修、また、外部のキャリアコンサルタントとの面談機会を設けるといったことも良いでしょう。
また、研修やワークショップを通じて、自分の価値観、目標、何に興味を持っているのか、どういったことにやりがいを感じるのかといった自己認識を深め、それが今の仕事にどう重なっているか、組織のミッションやビジョンとどうつながっているか等を考える機会を作ることも有効です。
アンダーマイニング効果に注意する
アンダーマイニング効果は、内発的動機付けにより行動していたことに対して、外発的動機付けで「報酬を与える」ことで内発的動機が失われてしまう現象をさします。
金銭や評価といった報酬(外発的動機づけ)は多くの社員に効果がありますし、行動につなげやすく、有意義な手法です。ただし、一方でリスクもあり、また、やり方を間違えると、内面から湧き出るやりがい、達成感、好奇心などを源泉に行動している社員の内発的動機を妨げてしまう恐れがあります。
外発的な報酬を使う際には、対象となる成果や行為がどんな意義があるのかをきちんと説明したり、報酬の設定方法やポイントに注意することが大切です。
外発的動機付けについては下記で詳しく解説していますので、ご興味あればご覧ください。
やりがい搾取と思われないように注意する
内発的動機づけを行っていく際に気を付けるべきことの一つとして、やりがい搾取と思われないように注意することもあります。やりがい搾取とは、社員のやりがい、つまり内発的動機を利用して、低賃金で長時間労働をさせるといった行為を指します。
やりがいは仕事の満足度、達成感につながる重要なものです。仕事へのモチベーションともなり、生産性向上にも大きく影響します。いうまでもなく、やりがいを持つ社員は企業にとって重要な存在です。
しかし、現在はコンプライアンス違反やブラック企業に対する社会の捉え方は数十年前とは大きく変わっています。また、SNS等によって個人の発信力も高まっています。やりがい搾取と思われてしまうような内発的動機付けは長続きはしません。
勤怠管理や基礎的な給与や成果に応じた報酬体系をきちんと整備すること、また、「やりがい」を押し付け過ぎるようなアプローチにならないよう注意が必要です。
まとめ
動機づけは、社員の「やる気」や「主体性」を引き出すのに欠かせません。動機づけがされると、メンバーの行動スピードや行動量、仕事の質が高まり、組織の業績向上や目標達成に繋がります。
動機づけには内発的動機づけと外発的動機づけという2つの種類があります。内発的動機は、外発的動機とは異なり報酬が不要で、際限なく湧き出るものになります。そのため、組織やマネジメントが、内発的動機づけに取り組む重要度は非常に高いといえるでしょう。
内発的動機づけは、「目的」「自己決定感」「自己効力感」の3つの要素から成り立ちます。組織やマネジメントにおいては、3要素を中長期的に醸成し続けることが大切です。内発的動機づけのきっかけとして、研修なども有効な手法となるでしょう。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック|取締役 兼 常務執行役員
近藤 浩充
大学卒業後、情報システム系の会社を経て入社。
IT戦略事業、全社経営戦略、教育事業、採用・就職支援事業の責任者を経て現職。企業の採用・育成課題を知る立場から、当社の企業向け教育研修を監修するほか、一般企業、金融機関、経営者クラブなどで、若手から管理職層までの社員育成の手法やキャリア形成等についての講演を行っている。
昨今では管理職のリーダーシップやコミュニケーションスキルをテーマに、雑誌『プレジデント』(2023年)、J-CASTニュース(2024年)、ほか人事メディアからの取材も多数実績あり。
著書、登壇セミナー
・社長の右腕 ~上場企業 現役ナンバー2の告白~ ・今だからできる!若手採用と組織活性化のヒント
・withコロナ時代における新しい採用力・定着率向上の秘訣
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・社長の右腕 ~ナンバー2の上司マネジメント / 部下マネジメント~
・オーナー経営者が知っておきたい!業績があがる人事評価制度と組織づくりのポイント
・社長の右腕 10の職掌 など
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