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【社員教育の方法と目的】 効果を高めるために知っておくべき基礎知識|HRドクター|株式会社ジェイック 【社員教育の方法と目的】 効果を高めるために知っておくべき基礎知識
事業計画を実行し会社を成長させていくには、社員1人1人の成長が不可欠です。新入社員への初期教育から、一般階層のスキル底上げ、リーダー・マネージャー層の育成まで、人材育成に欠かせないのが社員教育です。
階層や職種によって必要となるスキルはそれぞれ異なります。対象や課題感、目的に適した育成方法を整理して、カリキュラムへの落とし込みを行ったり、適切なOJTを実施したり、職場実践を設計したりすることが重要です。
この記事では、社員教育の必要性をはじめ、育成効果を高めるための流れと方法、教育計画の立て方、効果測定の方法まで、社員教育の全体像を分かりやすくご紹介します。
<目次>
社員教育が必要な理由とは?
社員教育の目的は、社員の能力向上を通じた業績向上と組織強化です。新入社員研修など入社時の実施はもちろん、昇進や異動などで期待される役割や必要とするスキルが変わるタイミング、マンネリ化を防ぐうえでも社員教育が有効です。
ほかにも、商品知識の強化、顧客事例の共有、IT知識や英語、法律改正など、業務上必要な情報のアップデートやスキルの底上げを目的とした社員教育も定期的に実施することが好ましいでしょう。
近年では社員教育が企業の生産性に大きく影響することも明らかになっており、平成30年に内閣府から発表された経済財政報告原案では「人材投資を1%増やせば労働生産性が0.6%向上する」とされています。
人材投資を1%、1人当たり2,800円増やすと、労働生産性が0.6%、1人当たり約4.9万円向上しているという驚くべきデータです(*1)さらに、労働経済白書においても「社員教育に積極的な企業ほど社員のモチベーションも高い」としていることから、企業の成長に社員教育は必要不可欠だといえるでしょう。
*1:「社員1人当たりの教育投資額(平均で1人あたり年に28万円、上場企業では約36万円)」、労働生産性は「付加価値額(人件費+賃借料・地代家賃+租税公課+営業利益)を社員数(常用労働者)で割り返したもの」。労働生産性の向上金額は日本1人当たり労働生産性824万円(2018年データ、日本生産性本部)をもとに計算した数値です。
社員教育の流れと実施の優先順位
社員教育の一般的な流れは「計画・目標設定 → 実行 → 効果測定」です。社員が抱えている問題は、階層や職種によって異なるため、幹部陣やマネージャー、中堅、新人、営業部、企画部など、役職や部署に分けて行う必要があります。
また部門間連携や社風改善などは、役職・部署を超えて実施することが重要です。従って、単に階層研修を実施する等ではなく、「わが社において取り組む優先順位が高い社員教育は何か?」を明確にする必要があります。
その際、「この部署は人数が多いから優先的に社員教育を実施しよう」となんとなく決めてしまっては、期待する成果を出すことは難しいでしょう。現状の課題を可視化し、どこにボトルネックがあるか、教育によってどれだけ改善が見込めるかを踏まえたうえで教育する優先順位を決めていきましょう。
なお、リーダーや幹部層になるほど、人材育成にかかる時間は1年~数年と長くなります。例えば、リーダー層の育成を考えるのであれば、「3年後の組織にどれだけ新任リーダーが必要か?」を考えて教育計画を策定する必要があります。いまの課題だけを見て、場当たり的な教育にならないように注意が必要です。
社員教育の手法、メリットとデメリット
社員教育にはOJTとOff-JTがあります。それぞれにメリット・デメリットがあるので、状況や目的に応じて、うまく組み合わせることが重要です。
OJTとOff-JTについては、こちらの記事も併せてご確認ください。
OJT(On the Job Training)
OJTは、実務を通して知識やスキルを習得していく教育方法です。先輩や上司からフィードバックを受けながら難易度を少しずつ高めていくことで、自信と経験を付けることができます。また、対象者の理解度によって、個別に指導内容を調整できるのもOJTの良いところです。
しかし、体系的な指導がしにくい、成長速度や教育内容がOJT指導者に依存するといったデメリットもあります。OJT自体はどのような業種や職場においても、実践的な業務スキルを高めていくために不可欠ですが、「部署の先輩社員を“OJT指導者”に指名して丸投げする」だけでは、デメリット部分が出やすくなります。
OJTの効果を高めるためには、指導者の研修を行う、指導内容をマニュアル化する、必要な業務スキルと習熟度を可視化する、オン・ボーディングの仕組みを取り入れて仕組化する、定期的に人事がフォローするなど、指導力を均一化して底上げする取り組みが大切です。
<OJTのメリット>
- 実務的に必要な知識とスキルが身につく
- フィードバックを通じて成長実感が与えられる・理解度に応じて指導内容を変えられる
<OJTのデメリット>
- 体系的な指導がしにくい
- 指導者に負荷がかかる
- 成長速度や指導内容が指導者に依存しやすい
Off-JT(Off the Job Training)
Off-JTは、業務と一体になって行わない社員教育を指します。広義でとらえた場合、社内でロールプレイング大会やケーススタディを行ったり、朝礼等の時間を使って理念浸透や顧客事例を共有したりするのも、Off-JTの1つといえるでしょう。「まとまった時間をとって集合研修をしないといけない」と考えるのではなく、上記のような選択肢もあることを考えると「社員教育」の幅が広がります。
Off-JTというと、専門分野の講師から教わる「セミナー型」やディスカッション、ロールプレイングが中心となる「ワークショップ型」などがありますが、最近ではゲーム要素を取り入れたり、職場での実践と組み合わせたりするなど、一昔前の「Off-JT=座学」という概念は大きく変わりつつあります。
Off-JTには、業務から切り離して実践するため、集中度が高く、知識のインプットや体系的な学習がしやすいです。また、日常は行えない振り返りや中長期の時間軸での思考ができたり、他部門や他職種とのコミュニケーションを作れたりするなどのメリットがあります。
一方で、実務での成果に繋げるためには、研修前後での工夫も重要となりますし、コストや時間も発生しますので、カリキュラムをよく検討する必要があります。
<Off-JTのメリット>
- 集中して研修が受けられる
- 高い学習効果が期待できる
- 自社にない知識やスキル、ノウハウが習得できる
<Off-JTのデメリット>
- 実務での成果につなげるには工夫が必要
- 研修の実施に時間やコストがかかる
社員教育における「7:2:1の法則」と「4:2:4の法則」
社員教育を成果に結びつけるには、どのように研修を行えば良いのでしょうか?研修の効果を最大化させるためのアプローチとして、「7:2:1の法則」と「4:2:4の法則」は知っておくと良いでしょう。
・「7:2:1の法則」
経営コンサルタントのマイケル・ロンバルドらによって提唱された法則です。管理職層へのアンケートをもとに「ビジネスにおいての成長は、70%は仕事上での経験、20%は上司や先輩等からの助言、残り10%が研修等のトレーニングから成り立つ」というものです。OJTが助言+仕事上での経験の導入、Off-JTが研修と疑似的に考えると良いでしょう。
成長の大半が仕事上での経験でもたらされる以上、Off-JTにしても、OJTにしても、仕事での経験とどう繋げるかが重要です。また、「仕事上での経験」を学びに変えるためのOJTやOff-JTが社員教育に組み込まれているかでも成長スピードが大きく変わってきます。
・「4:2:4の法則」
4:2:4の法則はブリンカーホフ教授によって提唱された法則です。この法則はOff-JTの成果に影響を与える構成要素を表したものになります。
<Off-JTに影響を与える構成要素の比率>
4割:研修を行う前の意識付け
2割:実際に行う研修内容
4割:研修後の振り返りと実践
つまり、Off-JTを行う際には「研修内容」が成果に与える影響は2割にすぎず、じつは「学ぶ姿勢を作るための事前の意識付け」と、「学んだことを実践につなげるための事後の仕掛け」が研修成果に与える影響の8割を占めるということです。
「4:2:4の法則」は自社で研修を企画する際にも重要ですし、研修会社を選ぶうえでも重要だといえます。「4:2:4の法則」に則って、研修への意識づくり、また職場実践との連携をしっかりと提案してくれる会社かどうかが、研修会社の質を見極めるポイントになるからです。
教育計画の立て方と目標設定の重要性
社員教育は場当たり的・思いつきで実行するのではなく、実施計画から効果検証までを計画立てて行うことで効果が高まります。以下では、社員教育の計画を立てる全体像を紹介します。すべての研修を下記に則って行うことは難しいと思いますが、流れを意識していただくと良いでしょう。
1. 会社として求める人材像の言語化
社員教育を考えることは、「どのような組織/社員を育てたいのか」「各職種や階層に求める振る舞いやスキル」を明確にすることから始まります。ゴールがはっきりしていないと、研修選びや効果検証も中途半端になってしまうため、具体的に言語化することが大切です。
いきなり完璧なものを作れることはありませんし、組織のフェーズによって求めるものも変わってくるでしょう。従って、どんどん書き加えていく(書き換えていく)というイメージで考えるといいでしょう。
2. 現状課題の言語化
求める組織/人物像、あるいは「こうあって欲しい」と思っている社員の振る舞いやスキルに対する現状のGAPを言語化します。例えば、「管理職の教育」というテーマ1つでも、「部下に対して叱る・厳しく求めることができない」「数値のPDCAが甘い」「管理職としての自覚がない」など、課題は様々です。経営者と部門長などの立場によって、見えている課題感が異なる可能性もあります。
社員教育のカリキュラムは拾い上げた課題に沿って設計されますし、効果検証も同様です。従って、このプロセスを怠ると「管理職研修をやったけど、効果があったのか無かったのか…。やっぱり研修は無駄だね」といったことに陥りがちです。現場で起こっている問題を関係者から丁寧に聞いて、課題を具体的に把握することが重要です。
3. 必要なカリキュラムの考案
拾い上げた課題を解決すべくカリキュラムを考案していきます。目的に応じて、どのような内容を実施するのか、また、どのような手法が有効かを検討し、最適なカリキュラムを作りましょう。
カリキュラムの手法1つとっても様々な選択肢があります。例えば、「営業職の育成」というテーマに対して、商品知識の共有であればeラーニングが良いかもしれませんし、顧客事例や提案ノウハウの共有であれば朝礼や社内会議を使うのが良いかもしれません。
営業スキルの習得・強化であれば集合研修が良いでしょうし、営業職の育成ステップをマネージャー層で協議するようなワークショップが向いているかもしれません。外部の研修会社等のノウハウも使いながら、最適なカリキュラムを立案しましょう。
4. 予算の確保、日程や講師の調整
集合研修の外部委託やeラーニングの導入など、社員教育の実施においては様々なコストが発生します。教育内容や手段に合わせた予算を確保しましょう。Off-JTの場合には「業務時間を削る」ことに対して拒否感を示される場合もあります。
現状課題の言語化をする段階から、『この課題の解決は、会社として投資する必要のある事項か?』ということを、関係者とすり合わせながら進めると、実施段階をスムーズに進めることが出来ます。
日程や講師調整も注意点です。外部の研修会社や外部会場を利用する場合、集合研修が多い「金~土曜日」や「新入社員研修が集中する4月1~2週」などは、実力のある講師・便利な会場ほど数か月~1年先まで埋まりがちです。早め早めに調整を行いましょう。
5. 実施
1~4までのステップを踏んだうえで、考案したカリキュラムを実施します。実施に際しては、Off-JTのブロックで紹介した「4:2:4の法則」を意識して段取りをすることが重要です。
研修前に研修で得られる効果を紹介するような「プレ研修」の実施や、「なぜ参加してもらうか、どんな成長を期待するか」の個別レビューを上司から行ってもらうことが有効です。
また研修後には、「何を学んだか、どう実践するか」を会議で発表してもらったり、「実践する」と宣言したことをチェックしてフィードバックしたりすることも有効でしょう。研修の効果を高めるためには、カリキュラム設計の段階から「研修前」と「研修後」を含めて設計することが重要です。
6. 効果検証
研修目的をどの程度達成したかをチェックします。効果検証については、この後ご紹介します。
社員教育における効果検証
社員教育は、実施すれば良いというものではありません。業務時間や費用を投資する以上、実施後にしっかりと効果測定を行い、効果が低い場合はカリキュラムを見直す必要があります。
人材育成の効果は、長い時間軸での検証になりますし、教育効果以外の要因も大きいため、数値化しにくいことが大半です。従って、「広告に対する問い合わせ数」のようにシンプルな検証ができることはほとんどありません。
しかし、社員教育の効果測定方法として有名な「ドナルド・カークパトリックモデル」などを参考に、「目的とした課題解決・人材育成にどれぐらい効果があったか?」の振り返りを習慣化することが効果のある社員教育をするために重要です。
<ドナルド・カークパトリックモデル>
4つのレベルがあり、各段階においてどのような取り組みを行うかを紹介します。
レベル1(満足度)・・・満足度アンケートの実施
レベル2(理解度)・・・理解度テストの実施
レベル3(実践度)・・・実業務への反映を評価
レベル4(業績貢献度)・・・業績を考慮した総合評価
レベル1:満足度アンケートの実施
研修内容の満足度や難易度が適正だったか、実務に役立つ内容だったかなどの項目を設け、5段階評価などのアンケートを実施します。このとき、必要に応じて「知りたい項目」を追加することで、次回の実施に反映しやすくなります。
ただし、「研修が終わった時点で評価が高い研修」が必ずしも「効果性が高い」とは限りません。研修から少し時間を空けて「効果性アンケート」を行うなど、レベル2以降の取り組みを意識すると良いでしょう。
レベル2:理解度テストの実施
「教育内容を理解できているか」をテスト形式で確認します。eラーニングを導入している場合は教育後にそのままテストを受けてもらい、理解度をチェックするのも良いでしょう。
知識のインプットを目的とした研修の場合には理解度テスト、研修内容によってはロールプレイングや「自分の仕事でどう実践するか」のレポート、といった形式で実施するのも1つの方法です。理解度テストを研修に組み込む・アナウンスすることは、副次的に参加者の集中を高める効果もあります。
レベル3:実業務への反映を評価
研修の目的達成度を計測する指標を決めてモニターします。例えば、改善提案の件数や決めたToDoの実施件数、新規営業件数や商談からの提案率といったものが指標になるでしょう。リーダーシップ研修などで長期に亘る継続教育を行う場合には、360度評価などを用いて、研修前と研修後でどう変わったかを測定するなどの方法もあります。
指標に落とし込む方法だけではなく、
- 継続教育であれば「研修期間内に実践した内容と結果を最終回で発表してもらう」
- 研修の3か月後にフォロー研修を行って「研修後の実践状況」をフォローする
- 研修の1か月後にアンケートを行う/li>
- 研修で決めたことの実践を報告しあうLINEグループを作って活性度を評価する
など、「実業務への反映」を意識してプログラム自体に組み込むことも有効です。
レベル4:業績考慮した総合評価
人材育成の最終的な目的である中長期的な業績を考慮して総合的な評価を行います。現実的には業績の変動要素は、教育効果だけではありませんので、レベル1~3の評価をもとにPDCAを回していくことが必要です。
まとめ
社員教育を通じた人材育成は、生産性の向上や中長期的な企業成長のために欠かすことはできないものです。一方で、社員教育はあくまでも課題解決の方法です。だからこそ、目的意識なく実施しても効果性は見込めません。各階層や組織の問題をしっかりと把握し、目的に合わせてゴール設定を行ったうえで教育を実施することが大切です。
投資である以上、実施後には教育効果の測定・フィードバックを行う必要があります。PDCAを繰り返して、効果性の高い教育体系にしていくことで、人材の育成を加速させることが可能です。回数を重ねて、自社に最適な社員教育の仕組みを構築すれば、事業運営における有効な競争優位性となるでしょう。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック 執行役員|上海杰意可邁伊茲企業管理咨詢有限公司 副董事長
知見寺 直樹
東北大学を卒業後、大手コンサルティング会社へ入社。その後、株式会社エフアンドエム副本部長、チャレンジャー・グレイ・クリスマス常務取締役等を経て、2009年ジェイック常務取締役に就任。総経理として上海法人(上海杰意可邁伊茲企業管理咨詢有限公司 )の立ち上げ等を経て、現在はHumanResourceおよび事業開発を担当する。
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