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業務効率化に関する目標設定とは? 具体例と成功させるポイントを紹介 |HRドクター|株式会社JAIC 業務効率化に関する目標設定とは? 具体例と成功させるポイントを紹介
働き方改革が進む中で「業務効率化を図りたいけれど、どのような目標を立てて、どう実行すればいいのかわからない……」という方は意外と多いでしょう。業務効率化のプロジェクトなどを成功させるにも、一般的なマネジメントと同じように目標設定や管理が大切です。
記事では、業務効率化に関する目標設定の具体例や業務効率化を成功させるためのポイントを解説します。
<目次>
業務効率化の目的
業務効率化の目的は、作業効率を上げる、仕事のスピードを速めるというだけではありません。業務効率化する最も大事な目的は、最終的に生産性の向上を実現することです。
たとえば、作業効率が上がっても、サービスの品質が落ちることになれば意味がありません。しかし、例えば10人のスタッフが毎日5分かけている作業を自動化することができれば、1年で200時間、5年で1,000時間という膨大な時間が浮くことになります。
働き方改革が進み長時間労働はできない、また生産性をあげることが求められている中で、業務効率化は組織内で必ず押さえておくべき事項となります。
業務効率化に取り組む基本的な流れ
費用対効果を意識した業務効率化をする場合は、以下の流れをイメージして取り組むとよいでしょう。
最終的な目標を描く
業務効率化を目指すうえで、まずはゴールを描きましょう。SMARTの各要素を満たす形で目標をイメージして、「どうなったら業務効率化の目標を達成したといえるのか?」を具体化しましょう。
<目標設定におけるSMARTの原則>
- Specific(具体的)
- Measurable(測定可能)
- Achievable(達成可能)
- Relevant(上位目標とのリンク)
- Time‐bound(明確な期限)
SMARTの原則に従うことで、目標が具体化して、達成に向けた意欲も湧いてくるでしょう。また、目標を具体化することで、達成に必要な計画や施策も立てやすくなります。
ただし、業務効率化に取り組む際には、往々にして目標までたどり着くまでのステップが見えなかったり、適切なレベルが想定できなかったりすることも多いでしょう。その場合は、ある程度「えいや」と感覚で決めることも大切になります。
現状の課題を把握する
具体的な目標が決まったら、次は、何が効率化を妨げているか、どこが非効率か、価値を生んでいないのに工数がかかっている作業はどこか、などの課題を思いつく限り洗い出しましょう。
洗い出す際は、あまり現実的に解決できるかなどは一旦考えず、ブレスト形式で拡散するとよいでしょう。
一旦拡散させてアイデアの数を出してから、グルーピングしたり、「なぜそうなのか?」「なぜそうなっているのか?」を考えて根本的な課題を探り出したりするとよいでしょう。
課題を洗い出す、また、根本的な課題を探り出すためにはロジカルシンキングやクリティカルシンキングと呼ばれる思考のフレームワークが役に立ちます。
課題に対するアクションを洗い出す
課題を解決するための具体的アクション(施策リスト)を洗い出します。施策のアイデア出しでは、後述する業務効率化に関する原則やフレームワークを活用することがポイントです。
解決策が思いつかなかったり、課題のサイズが大きかったりする場合にはマンダラチャート(マンダラート/オープンウィンドウ64)というツールを使うのも有効です。
優先順位や実施スケジュールを決める
業務効率化による費用対効果を高めるには、優先順位を付けることが大切です。順位を付けるステップでは、洗い出したアクションに対して効果性の予測や実施に要するリソース(工数や費用など)を踏まえて優先順位を付けていきましょう。
優先順位を付けて実行範囲を決めたら、to doとして落とし込み、実施担当者と実施スケジュールを決めていきましょう。
計画を実行する
実行するタスクは、to doリストやガントチャートなどで管理するとよいでしょう。着実に計画が実行されているかどうかを把握、週次のミーティングなどでサポートの必要や変更の必要性を確認しながら進行しましょう。
効果測定と振り返り、次計画の立案
業務効率化を動かしていくうえで、計画(P)の実施(D)→振り返り(C)→改善(A)→新しい計画(次のP)の実施……というPDCAを回すことが大切です。
PDCAを回し続けることで、どんどん業務効率化を進めていきましょう。
逆にいうと、始めから「必ず成功させる」と意気込むのではなく、PDCAを回して、「トライアルを重ねながらどんどん改善していく」と考えるとよいでしょう。
業務効率化の目標設定の例
業務効率化の目標は、労働生産性や時間生産性などの視点で設定するのがおすすめです。以下の3要素を確認しながら目標を立てていきましょう。
<SMARTの原則に則った目標>
SMARTの各要素を満たした目標を設定します。
<目標達成のための基本方針やKPI>
目標を達成するための基本方針やKPI、KPIに紐づくルーティン行動などを書き出します。
<評価基準>
目標達成の可否自体は、SMARTの法則により、目標自体に盛り込まれています。成果の評価基準は、目標の達成度合いを5段階評価としたSABCD基準で記載しましょう。
以上の3要素のポイントを意識すると、たとえば、以下のような目標が設定されます。
<例>
目標 | 1Q中に、1月あたりの原稿校正可能本数を20%アップさせる |
基本方針 | 増員や外注はせず、現メンバーの業務スピードや業務効率の改善により上記目標を達成する |
KPI | メンバー1人あたりの校正対応本数○○本 |
品質に関するクレーム率○%以下を維持 |
ルーティン行動 | 校正ツールの導入による作業の一部自動化 |
タイムトラッキングツールによる作業スピード計測・改善 |
3次チェックなど品質に影響しない過剰な工程の削除 |
評価 | SABCDの5段階評価 |
業務効率化を成功させるためのフレームワークやポイント
業務効率化を目指すには、知恵が詰まったフレームワークやノウハウを活用することも大切です。業務効率化に役立つ幾つかのフレームワークやノウハウを活用します。
ECRSの法則
業務効率化に関する最も基本的な法則です。
ECRSは、Eliminate(排除する)、Combine(つなげる)、Rearrange(組み替える)、Simplify(単純にする)の頭文字をとった言葉であり、業務効率化を考える際の基本となるフレームワークとなります。
効率化を考える際には、E⇒C⇒R⇒Sという頭文字の順番で考えるのがポイントです。
- E:そもそも工程や作業をなくしてしまえないか?
- C:別の作業をまとめてしまうことで効率化できないか?
- R:別の作業と入れ替えたりすることで効率化できないか?
- S:作業を単純化できないか?
ECRSの法則を使うと、過剰なサービスや無駄な作業の排除、重複や類似している作業の統合による効率化、担当部署の変更、テンプレート導入による単純化などが可能になります。
自動化や外注を取り入れる際も、いったんECRSの原則で作業工程を見直してから実施するとより有効になるでしょう。
5Sの徹底
5Sとは、整理・整頓・清掃・清潔・躾という5つのSの頭文字です。
5Sの考え方は、もともと製造業などの物や道具を扱う現場向けに考えられたものですが、ホワイトカラーの仕事でも大いに役立ちます。
<業務における5Sの応用例>
- パソコン内のディレクトリの整理整頓
- 文書類の整理、整頓
- 業務自体の整理(不要な工程や情報の廃棄)
- 誰もがわかるような業務フローの標準化と見える化(整頓)
- 必要な情報に誰もが素早くアクセスできる状態の実現(整頓)
- 各種情報が常に最新で、古い情報が廃棄された状態の実現(清掃・清潔)
- これらの望ましい状態での習慣化やルールの厳守(躾)
5Sは、単純で実践しやすく、なおかつ業務効率の向上に直結するため、ECRSの原則と並んで有効です。
ITツールによる自動化、効率化
業務効率化には、チャットツールやRPA、プロジェクト管理、タスク管理ツールなどを使って自動化・効率化することもおすすめです。
かつて高度な機能を持つITツールは高額で、大企業だけが実現できるものでした。しかし近年では、安価なSaaSサービスや無料のオンラインサービスの登場で、中小企業でもITツールを手軽に活用できるようになっています。
ただし、ITツールを導入さえすれば業務が効率化するわけではありません。何のために導入するのかをしっかりと検討して導入する。そして、使いこなすための努力や手間が必要です。なお、場合によってはITツールに合わせて自社の業務フローを変更するぐらいのことも必要です。
分業or多能工化
分業と多能工化は矛盾するようですが、どちらも業務効率を改善するポイントになります。状況に応じてどちらが適切かを判断していきましょう。
BPR
BPRとは、ビジネスプロセスリエンジニアリングのことです。先述のECRSに近い視点となりますが、現在の業務プロセスややり方を固定化せずに、「ビジネスプロセス」をゼロから見直しましょう。
業務プロセスで達成しないといけないことは何か、どの程度の精度が必要かなどを確認したうえで、「ゼロからプロセスを作り直すとしたらどうするか?」「どのプロセスに多くの工数がかかっているか?」「それをバッサリと削れないか?」といった視点で考えていきましょう。
外注
最近では、フリーランスなどの働き方が増えたなかで、以前では外注できなかった業務を手軽に外注することも可能になっています。
副業人材なども増える中で、プロジェクトマネジメント、システム開発、広報、経理、法務、マーケティング、マニュアル作成など、多様な仕事を外注可能です。
外注化のポイントは、社員にしかできない業務とフリーランスなどでも対応できる仕事を切り分けることです。切り分けて外注化して社員は価値を創出する業務に集中できることで、組織の業務効率化が可能になります。
まとめ
業務効率化においても、適切な目標を設定することは大切です。時間生産性や労働生産性などの観点から目標を設定して、達成のための要素やアクションを洗い出していきましょう。
業務効率化を確実に進めていくうえでは、記事で紹介した目標設定の具体例や役立つフレームワーク・ノウハウを参考にしてみてください。
- ECRSの法則
- 5Sの徹底
- ITツールによる自動化、効率化
- 分業or多能工化
- BPR
- 外注
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック執行役員
古庄 拓
WEB業界・経営コンサルティング業界の採用支援からキャリアを開始。その後、マーケティング、自社採用、経営企画、社員研修の商品企画、採用後のオンボーディング支援、大学キャリアセンターとの連携、リーダー研修事業、新卒採用事業など、複数のサービスや事業の立上げを担当し、現在に至る。専門は新卒および中途採用、マーケティング、学習理論
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