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なぜ新人教育は疲れるのか?疲弊する根本原因と解決策|HRドクター|株式会社ジェイック なぜ新人教育は疲れるのか?疲弊する根本原因と解決策
新人社員に将来活躍してもらうためには、採用して終わりではなく、入社後の新人教育が重要です。一方で、新人が配属された部門では、新人教育の負担が大きくて教育担当者(OJT指導者)をはじめ現場が疲弊しがちになったり、生産性が下がったりすることもあります。
記事では、新人教育で疲れてしまう原因と改善方法、効果的な新人指導のポイントを解説します。
<目次>
なぜ新人教育は疲れるのか?
新人教育の担当者、とくにOJT担当者には「新人の覚えが悪くてイライラする」「新人との相性が悪い」「通常業務の時間が圧迫される」など、さまざまなストレスが生じます。疲弊を加速させる主な原因は以下の4つです。
不充分な初期教育
新人教育は、人事主導でOff-JTによる初期教育を実施し、その後に部門配属となって、事業部門主導でOJTを実施する流れが一般的です。
企業や職種によって事業部門でのOJTの前に人事主導のOJTを挟むこともありますが、いずれの場合も初期教育で下記のスキルがしっかりと身に付いていないと、部門OJTの担当者は非常に疲弊することになります。
<部門OJTをスムーズに行うために不可欠なスキル>
- プロとして働く社会人の「マインドセットと教わる姿勢」
- 「リアリティショック」への心構え
- ホウレンソウや指示の受け方などの「教わるスキル」
教育担当者の心構え
新人育成には一定の時間が必要になります。育成の中では「失敗を通じて覚える」ことも必要になりますし、新人の素質や力量によって成長スピードにもばらつきが生じます。
しかし、新人教育に慣れていないと、新人の成長や成果に過度に期待してしまいがちです。過度な期待と現実のギャップは疲弊の原因となります。また、自身の期待だけではなく、企業や上司からのプレッシャーもOJT指導者の疲弊要因になります。
「教える技術」の不足
実務ができるからといって、新人教育がうまいとは限りません。人を育てるうえでは「教える技術」も大切です。教える技術が不足すると、新人の吸収・成長スピードが遅くなり、負のループに陥りやすくなります。
・教え方が悪いので吸収スピードが遅い
↓
・時間を割いて教えている指導側が感情的に苛立つ
↓
・人間関係が悪化して新人が委縮する
↓
・新人の吸収スピードがさらに遅くなる
新人教育が仕組み化されていない
過去のOJT計画が蓄積されていなかったり、上司や人事部門、ブラザー・シスター制度などの複数方面からOJT指導者を支える仕組みがなかったりすると、新人教育は教育担当者(OJT指導者)に丸投げされた状態になってしまいます。当然、OJT指導者の負荷は増すことになり、ストレスの増加、疲弊に繋がります。
人事部門が主導すべきサポートは大きくは以下の3点です。
- OJT指導の計画づくり(フォーマットの準備、計画づくりの指示、過去データの蓄積)
- OJT指導者が「教え方」を学ぶ機会の創出
- 人事、OJT指導者の上司、ブラザー・シスターなど多方面からサポートする仕組み
OJT指導者の負荷を減らしつつ、より効果的な新人育成ができるように整備しましょう。
初期教育のすり合わせ
前述のように、初期教育でOJTをスムーズに運ぶために必要なマインドセットやスキルが身に付いていないと、部門配属後のOJT指導者の負荷は大きくなります。
特に、社会人としてのマインドセットやリアリティショックへの対応等を現場OJTで教えるのは困難です。そのため、初期教育でどのようなマインドとスキルをどんな状態まで鍛えるべきかを、人事と受け入れ部門ですり合わせておく必要があります。
新人研修は、教える内容が多岐にわたり、知識のインプットになりがちです。一方で、現場のOJTでは、「教わる姿勢と技術が身に付いていること」が求められます。
新人研修の期間中にすべての内容を身に付けることは不可能です。ただ、多岐にわたる内容の中でも、“身に付けている”レベルまでトレーニングする必要があることが何か、人事と受け入れ部門ですり合わせて絞り込みましょう。
教育担当者のマインドセット
組織にとって新人教育は5年後、10年後の未来をつくる非常に重要な仕事になります。
一方で、人材の成長には一定の時間がかかり、失敗を通じて学ばせることも必要ですし、個人によるばらつきも生じます。また、1年目の成長スピードが3年後・5年後の成長に比例するとは限りません。
そんな状況のなか、教育担当者に教育やマネジメントの知識がないと、「最短で育てて成果をあげさせないといけない」「なぜ成長しないんだ」と感じてしまいがちで、精神的に疲れてしまいます。
教育担当者の疲弊を防ぐには、次の「教える技術」と合わせて、教育担当者向けのレクチャーで、教育担当者にマインドセットしてあげることも大切です。
教育担当者に身に付けさせたい「教える技術」とは?
教える技術にはさまざまなものがありますが、以下の4つは研修やOJT事前研修などを通して、教育担当者に身に付けさせると効果的です。
- ロジカルシンキング
- 4段階職業指導法
- ティーチングとコーチング
- コミュニケーションスタイル
ロジカルシンキング
ピラミッド構造を通じて物事の全体構成をとらえたり、軸の設定によりMECEで分類などを行なったりするロジカルシンキングは、「わかりやすく教えること」と非常に相性が良いです。
<ロジカルシンキングで役立つ教える技術>
- 結論から物事を伝える
- 図に書いて構造や原因と結果を整理する
- MECEを意識した物事の分類
4段階職業指導法
4段階職業指導法はアメリカで開発された指導法で、
という4つのステップで人材育成するやり方です。本来の4段階職業指導法の変形版になりますが、新人教育のOJTは以下のステップで行うと効果的です。
・説明する(意味や目的、全体像)
↓
・やってみせる
↓
・説明させる(手順やノウハウ)
↓
・やらせてみる
↓
・フィードバックする
重要なのは「目的、意味・全体像の説明」と「フィードバック」です。何をやるか、どうやるかの解説も大事ですが、併せて「なぜやるのか」という目的・意味づけを行なうことで、仕事の重要性や覚える意気込みが変わってきます。
また、教えて終わり、やらせて終わりではなく、できた部分は褒め、できていない部分においては具体的な改善案を伝えるフィードバックをしっかり実施することで、習得スピードが速まります。
ティーチングとコーチング
ティーチングは「知らない知識を教える」方法、コーチングは「相手のなかにある意思や思考を引き出す」方法です。
| ティーチング | コーチング |
指導方法 | 具体的なアドバイスや答えを教える | 受講者が自ら答えを出せるよう導く(引き出す) |
適した状況 | 相手に知識・スキルが乏しい | 相手に知識・スキルがある |
活用シーン | ・新たなスキルや知識を教える ・指導内容に明確な答えがある ・緊急性が高い | ・内発的動機や主体性を高めたい ・相手に気付きを与えたい ・価値観を拡げたい |
メリット | ・知識やスキルを速く習得できる ・一度に複数の人数を指導できる ・考えや価値観を統一できる | ・モチベーションが上がりやすい ・自主的に行動できるようになる ・思考力が養われる |
ティーチングとコーチングの基礎を理解して使い分けられると、新人育成も効果的になります。
コミュニケーションスタイル
教育担当者が“コミュニケーションスタイル”の概念を知って、教育担当者と新人、お互いのコミュニケーションスタイルを理解すると、性格の違いによる感情的なストレスを減らすことができます。
また、相手のコミュニケーションスタイルに応じて指導を行なえば、理解度の促進にも効果的です。
<コミュニケーションスタイルの4分類と特徴>
- ドライビング(実行型) ・・・冷静、現実的、行動的
- アナリティカル(分析型) ・・・几帳面、慎重、論理的
- エミアブル(温和型) ・・・控え目、愛想が良い、協力的
- エクスプレッシブ(直感型) ・・・陽気、明るい、感覚的
コミュニケーションスタイルは非常に分かりやすく、教える技術を高めるためにも、教育担当者と新人の関係性を良くするうえでも効果的です。
新人教育(OJT)を体系化するには?
新人教育の中でも、現場でのOJTは教育担当者に丸投げされがちな傾向があり、教育担当者の疲れを生む大きな原因です。人事部門が中心となって以下を整備することで、新人教育(OJT)を体系化すると良いでしょう。
OJT実施計画の作成
効果的なOJTを実施するには実施計画の作成が不可欠です。計画がないと行き当たりばったりの教育になりがちで、新人教育の効率が悪化したり、教育担当者の経験や教える技術に依存したりしがちです。
教育担当者の負担も大きくなってしまいますので、人事や組織が主導して、OJT計画の雛形やフォーマットを用意したり、過去データを蓄積したりして、現場の負担を減らすことが大切です。
OJTマニュアルの整備
OJTでは「学習者向け」「指導者向け」のマニュアルがあると有効です。特に学習者向けのマニュアルを作ることで、新人の成長スピード向上や教育担当者の負担軽減が期待できます。
実務に関するマニュアルは現場の担当者が複数年かけて作成・アップデートしていき、OJTの全体像や受講の心構えなどを記載したマニュアルは人事部が作成すると良いでしょう。
指導者向けのマニュアルでは、前述したような「何をどのように教えればいいのか」といったOJTプログラムの設計ノウハウや教える技術を盛り込んでおきましょう。
OJTマニュアルの作成については下記の記事で詳しく解説しています。
上司や人事部門のサポート
教育担当者にはさまざまな負荷がかかるため、一人にすべて任せるのではなく、組織的にOJTを支援することが大切です。組織的に支援することで、教育担当者の負荷が減り、人間的な相性などによる離職リスクも減らすことができます。
新人本人に対しては、実務的な指導と日々のレビューは教育担当者、精神的なサポートや状況の把握は人事部門やブラザー・シスター、中長期的なキャリア展望やモチベートは上司、といった形で役割を分担しましょう。
特に、年齢の近い先輩社員をブラザー・シスターとして設定するブラザー・シスター制度は、新人社員の定着率アップにもつながるのでおススメです。
人事部門は、OJT開始に際しては初期教育で教えた内容を教育担当者へしっかりと引き継ぐことが大切です。また、部門配属後も定期的にOff-JTを実施し、モチベーション維持や同期の連携構築などを支援しましょう。
「新人教育のストレスやしんどい」に関してよくある質問
Q.「新人教育でストレスがかかる原因は?」
新人教育は、新人の報連相等の初期スキルがないことで、指導者側はストレスを感じます。また、新人の初期スキルがない場合、指導者側の負担も大きくなることがストレス原因の1つです。
Q.「新人教育で疲れないコツは?」
新人教育で疲れないコツは、
- 新人は失敗するもの
- 新人の成長は時間がかかる
- 事前に指導マニュアルを作成しておく
など、指導者側のマインドセットや準備が、新人教育で疲れないためのポイントです。
Q.「新人教育で疲れたらどうすればいい?」
迷わずに、人事部門や上司に相談しましょう。事前に、「どのような新人なのか?」を人事部門と認識をすり合わせしておくこともおススメです。
まとめ
新人教育が疲れるのは、OJTが教育担当者に丸投げされている、初期研修が不十分、教育担当者の“教える技術や経験”の不足などの原因があります。
逆に言えば、
・初期教育でしっかりと教わる姿勢と技術を新人に身に付けさせる
・教育担当者向けの「OJT指導者研修」で心構えや教える技術を提供する
・人事部門が主導してOJT計画の作成プロセスやノウハウを提供する
・組織的なサポートにより実務指導以外の負担を減らす
といった施策を行うことで、教育担当者の疲れる要因を取り除くことができます。現場の疲弊を抑え、新人の戦力化を促進するためにも、記事内容を参考に、OJT体制をチェックしてみてください。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック 執行役員
東宮 美樹
筑波大学第一学群社会学類を卒業後、ハウス食品株式会社に入社。営業職として勤務した後、HR企業に転職。約3,000人の求職者のカウンセリングを体験。2006年にジェイック入社「研修講師」としてのキャリアをスタート。コーチング研修や「7つの習慣®」研修をはじめ、新人・若手研修から管理職のトレーニングまで幅広い研修に登壇。2014年には前例のない「リピート率100%」を達成。2015年に社員教育事業の事業責任者に就任。
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