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人材育成に必要なスキルとは?育成の考え方やポイントとよくある課題 | HRドクター | 株式会社ジェイック 人材育成に必要なスキルとは?育成の考え方やポイントとよくある課題
人材育成に必要なスキルは、役職や部下の成長フェーズによって求められるスキルは異なりますが、育成の原理原則は変わりません。
企業が継続的に成長・発展を続けていくためには、社員の人材育成は欠かすことのできない取り組みです。人材育成の担当者は、社員が企業戦略に沿って業務を遂行できるよう、フォローし成長できる環境を用意する大きな役割と責任を担っています。人材育成の取り組みが効果を発揮するかどうかは、育成担当者のスキルにも大きく左右されます。
記事では、企業の人材育成に携わる人に必要なスキルを、「直接の育成担当者となる上司やOJT指導者に求められるスキル」そして、「組織の人材開発担当者(人事等)に求められるスキル」という2つのポイントでお伝えします。
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人材育成に必要な5つのスキル・知識
組織の人材育成を進めるにあたっては、立場や役割に応じて様々なスキルが必要になります。例えば部下を持つ上司であれば、部下やメンバーが成果を上げられるように指導やマネジメントをすることが求められます。
また、人事部や人材開発担当者であれば、会社の戦略に沿って研修の実施や社員のキャリア形成を進めていく役割があるでしょう。本章では、組織の人材育成で求められる5つの普遍的なスキルを解説します。
1.現状を把握するスキル
人材育成で必要とされるスキルの一つ目は、現状を把握するスキルです。もし、人事や人材開発担当者に現状を把握するスキルが欠けていれば、現状の課題が何なのかわからず、一般的な人材育成しかできません。
上司や管理職にとっても、現状を把握するスキルは重要です。「いま部下のモチベーションがどんな状況か?」「どんなことで悩んでいるのか?」といった部下やメンバーの現状を把握したうえで、指導や関わり方を検討することが求められます。
このように自組織にとって最適な人材育成を行う上で、現状を正しく把握するスキルは必要不可欠といえます。なお、組織の人事や人材開発担当者は、現場上司のような個別具体のケースではなく、より抽象度が高い次元で現状や課題を把握していく必要があります。
2.目標を設定するスキル
目指すべき姿や育成のゴールが無ければ、人材育成の方向性が定まらなくなってしまいます。適切に目標を設定するスキルも、組織の人材育成に欠かすことのできないスキルの一つです。
人事部や人材開発担当者が目標を設定する際は、「スキルマップ」を活用することも有効です。スキルマップとは、年次や役職、職種に必要なスキルや能力を洗い出して一覧表にしたものです。
スキルマップを用いることで、求められるスキルと社員が持っているスキルとのギャップが明確になり、体系的な育成計画が立てやすくなります。
また、上司や管理職にとっても、目標設定スキルは部下の成長目標を定めていく上で大切です。業務上の成果目標やKPIと同じように、人材育成についても成長目標を設定して取り組むことが有効です。
部下の得意なことや苦手なことを把握しながら、得意な部分を伸ばすのか、あるいは、苦手分野を克服させるのかを検討し、部下と共に成長目標を設定することで効果的な部下育成が実現できます。
3.計画を実行管理するスキル
人材育成に必要なスキルの3つ目は、計画を実行管理するスキルです。人事部や人材開発担当者であれば、大枠の人材育成プランをどのように具体化して進行するかという部分で実行管理のスキルが求められます。
また、個別に外部講師を招聘して研修を手配する場合には、講師の選定や依頼、受講対象者の決定、受講者と上司への連絡、会場の手配など、社内外とコミュニケーションを取りながら進める必要があります。
他にも、新入社員の初期教育や現場配属の際も研修やOJTを通じて現場に馴染み活躍するまでの段取りをするなど、計画に沿って人材育成を実行・管理するスキルは全体設計から具体的な実行段階まで必要となります。
もちろん、直接の育成担当者である上司や管理職も、日々の仕事の中で、部下の目標管理や進捗をマネジメントすることは重要な業務です。但し、あまりに細かくチェックするマイクロマネジメントに陥ってしまうと、部下のモチベーションダウンにもつながってしまう懸念もあります。
従って、部下のタイプや目標内容によって、関わり方や頻度のバランスを考えることが大切です。部下・メンバーが成果を上げるためにどのように進捗を管理して関わるかは、上司としてのマネジメント力が問われる部分です。
4.リーダーシップ
人材育成の担当者は、各社員が必要なスキルを身に付けて成長できるよう、支援・フォローする責任があります。
人の育成には時間とコストがかかるものであり、短期間で成果が出るものではありません。経営陣に対して、また、部門のマネジメントメンバー、そして、対象者に対して、リーダーシップを発揮して人材育成に取り組むことが求められます。
上司や管理職にとって、リーダーシップは部下指導やチームのマネジメントにおいて欠かせない資質です。「部門目標の達成に向けてチームを結束させる」「部下のキャリアビジョンを共に作り成長を支援する」など、上司や管理職のリーダーシップは部下・メンバーからの信頼、成長支援に直結するものです。
5.人材育成に関する知識
人材育成に携わるうえでは、様々な人材育成の知識や手法を学び理解しておくことも大切です。
人材育成の担当者であれば、社内でのトレーニングや外部講師による集合研修、動画を用いたeラーニングなど、さまざまな育成手法のメリットやデメリット等をきちんと把握して、目的や状況に応じた研修手法を取り入れていくことが求められます。
また、効果性の高い研修プログラムを設計するためには、4:2:4の法則や学習ピラミッド、アクティブラーニング等の知識も求められます。
また、上司や管理職にとっては、より直接的な人材育成の知識、例えば、適切な褒め方・叱り方、ティーチングのポイント、コーチングやファシリテーションの技法、部下のタイプに応じた動機づけのポイントなど、人材育成、とくにコミュニケーションに関する知識が役立つでしょう。
組織の人材育成でよくある3つの問題とその処方箋
本章では、組織が人材育成に取り組むうえで、ぶつかりやすい3つの問題とそれぞれの処方箋を解説します。
問題1 人材育成に割く時間がない
人材育成に関わる社員に時間の余裕がなければ、思うように育成は進みません。人材育成も業務の一環と捉え、余裕を持って取り組めるよう、人事施策の整備や業務分担の見直しをすることが大切です。
また、上司や管理職の業務量にも注意が必要です。近年はプレイングマネージャーが一般化し、働き方改革推進の動きもあって、管理職の業務は大幅に増えています。そこに部下・メンバーの育成業務が加われば、管理職の業務はパンクしてしまいかねません。
業績目標と人材育成、両立させるのが優れた管理職であることは間違いありません。ただし、全員が優れた管理職になれるわけではなく、業務設計は標準的な人材を対象に実施すべきです。
従って、管理職に部下育成の責任を担わせるうえでは、現実的に業務を回せているか、業務の時間配分が適切か等の確認、また、場合によっては業務の一部を別の人に切り分ける等の対応が必要になります。
問題2 育成担当者の意欲が低い
育成担当者の意識が低い場合も、人材育成の効果は期待どおりに発揮されません。育成担当者の意欲が低い場合、上層部が人材育成を重視しておらず、育成にコストや労力を割こうとしない場合が多いでしょう。とくに人材育成の重視が“号令だけ”になっており、現実的には管理職に無理な要求をしているケースもありますので要注意です。
まずはトップや経営陣が「人を育てよう」という意識を持ち、人材育成の重要性を社内に浸透させることが重要です。そのうえで「人材育成」の実績を管理職の評価に組み込むなど、管理職が部下・メンバーの育成に主体的に取り組む仕組みを作ることも重要なポイントです。
問題3 人材育成の基準が明確になっていない
人材育成でありがちな問題の3つ目は、人材育成の基準が明確になっていないことです。育成基準が明確になっていなければ、「いつまでに」「どのようなスキルを」「どのレベルまで」習得させればよいのかわからず、統一された育成ができません。
人材育成に取り組むうえでは、「共通の物差し」となる基準を設けておくことも大切です。人事評価の基準を、階層別、職種別に基本スキル・専門スキルに分けて設定し、具体的にどのような行動がスキルとして評価されるのかを明確にしましょう。
基準があることで管理職も育成に取り組みやすくなりますし、基準を設定することで、人材育成と人事評価を連動させた運用も可能になります。
人材育成を進める4つのステップ
記事の最後に、組織の人材育成を進めるうき4つのステップを紹介します。
ステップ1:人材育成の課題や要望をヒアリングする
最初のステップでは、人材育成の課題や要望を各部門にヒアリングしましょう。
企業規模が一定以上になると、現場の実情を上層部や人事担当者が知りづらくなります。推測で設計してしまい、スタート地点でズレが生じてしまうと取り返しが付きません。このような事態を防ぐためにも、人材育成の責任者は主体的に、各現場の実情を聞きに行く姿勢が大切になります。
各部署の業務において、誰がどんな仕事をどのように担っているか?といった点を確認することが大切です。各部署に配属されている社員の構成や階層、業務内容、効率性などは、人材育成の計画を立てるうえでも重要な情報になります。
現場の上司やOJT担当者への確認も大切です。とくにOJT担当者は、普段の業務を通じて新人や若手メンバーの指導に当たっているため、実情にも精通しているでしょう。
ただし、現場メンバーの考える視点と部門幹部や経営層の考える視点はズレも生じます。より大局的な視点や思考する時間軸の違いもあります。現場の実情と視点、幹部陣が考えている視点、双方を把握しながらすり合わせていきましょう。
ステップ2:要望を整理して人材育成に求められるものを絞り込む
次のステップでは、各部署からヒアリングした内容を整理して、人材育成の要望をリストアップします。組織内の役割や立場によって、人材育成に求める要望も様々です。
たとえば経営者や幹部陣であれば、現場スキルの育成よりも、組織や事業の将来に貢献できる人材、幹部候補やリーダー層の育成に関心があるでしょう。逆に部課長などミドル層は、チームや部門の目標達成に関心が強くなりますので、部署ですぐ成果を上げられる人材を育てることを期待します。
このように立場や役割によって要望は異なります。これらを整理し、階層や職種に応じて人材育成に求められる要素を絞り込むことが重要になります。行き当たりばったりで絞り込むとズレが生じてしまいますので、ある程度は網羅的に整理する。その上で優先順位を付けるという形で絞り込むイメージがおススメです。
ステップ3:関係者の合意を得る
人材育成の取り組みを実際に進める際は、経営層はもちろんですが、育成対象の社員および対象者の上長など、関係者と「合意」を得ることも大切です。
たとえば、営業部の若手・中堅社員を対象に、外部講師を呼んで「営業力強化研修」を企画するとします。この場合、終日研修であれば、営業日を1日削って、営業部のスケジュールを押さえる必要があります。
上長の中には、メンバーに1日ごっそり抜けられるのを痛手と感じる人もいるでしょう。したがって、受講メンバーを気持ちよく送り出してもらうためには、研修の目的やゴール・期待される研修効果等について上長を含む関係者にしっかり共有したうえで、繁忙期を避けて設定する等の調整が大切です。
同時に、上記のケースでは参加メンバーも、「業務が忙しくて研修の時間は取れない」「なぜこの研修を今受けなければならないのか分からない」など、受け身の姿勢で研修に参加してしまう懸念もあります。受け身の姿勢で参加するメンバーが増えると、研修の効果は半減します。
従って、受講メンバーに対しても研修の目的とゴール、研修でどんなスキルが身につくのか等を受講前にしっかりと共有する必要があります。営業部門の幹部等から伝えてもらうことも効果的です。研修の背景や意図をしっかりと伝えることで、受講メンバーも自分事として受講するマインドが芽生え、研修効果にプラスの影響が生まれます。
ステップ4:人材育成の効果測定・検証をする
研修を実施したり、新しいツールを導入したりして、人材育成のアクションを行った後は、効果測定・検証を行うことも大切です。効果の測定と検証は、今後の人材育成を設計するうえでも重要な工程です。
効果測定の観点は大きく2つあります。1つ目は、個人の目標達成の度合いや、サーベイによる従業員エンゲージメントの変化など「定量面」の確認です。2つ目は、研修実施後のアンケートや、学んだことが業務の成果につながった事例を集めるといった、「定性面」の情報分析です。
研修の効果測定は非常に難しく、業績への寄与などは一概に図れるものではありません。しかし、それぞれの観点で効果測定を行なうことで、改善や新しいプログラムの検討など、人材育成の取り組みをより効果的なものにすることが可能になります。
人材育成は、一回研修をしたからといってすぐに実現するわけではありません。だからこそ、人材育成の企画・実施側は振り返りの機会を持って、期待どおりに社員達が成長しているのか、何かテコ入れが必要なのか、次にどんな育成機会を設定するのが良いか、などを継続的に考えることが大切です。
まとめ
記事では、人材育成に必要なスキルをテーマに解説しました。
組織の人材育成には、「組織の人材開発担当者(人事等)」、そして、「直接の育成担当者となる上司やOJT指導者」を始めとする様々な立場の人が関わります。それぞれの立場に応じて求められるスキルは変わりますが、人材育成のスキルは企業が成長し発展を続けるための人材を育てるために大切なものです。
人材育成に必要なスキルをどのように高めていくかを考える上で記事内容が少しでもお役に立てばうれしく思います。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック|取締役 兼 常務執行役員
近藤 浩充
大学卒業後、情報システム系の会社を経て入社。
IT戦略事業、全社経営戦略、教育事業、採用・就職支援事業の責任者を経て現職。企業の採用・育成課題を知る立場から、当社の企業向け教育研修を監修するほか、一般企業、金融機関、経営者クラブなどで、若手から管理職層までの社員育成の手法やキャリア形成等についての講演を行っている。
昨今では管理職のリーダーシップやコミュニケーションスキルをテーマに、雑誌『プレジデント』(2023年)、J-CASTニュース(2024年)、ほか人事メディアからの取材も多数実績あり。
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