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OKRとは?指標設定のポイントやMBOとの違い・導入・運用のコツを解説|HRドクター|株式会社ジェイック OKRとは?指標設定のポイントやMBOとの違い・導入・運用のコツを解説
革新的な目標設定・管理ツールとして最近、ベンチャーやスタートアップ企業を中心に「OKR」という考え方が注目されています。OKRは、GoogleやFacebookといった大企業が取り入れているほか、日本ではメルカリが導入したことでも知られています。
OKRはMBOに代表される従来の目標管理とは異なり、評価制度とリンクさせないことが特徴です。目標管理よりもメンバーの動く方向を一体化することに重きが置かれているともいえるでしょう。記事では、OKRの概要やMBOとの違い、OKR導入のメリット等を解説します。
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OKRとは?
OKR(Objectives and Key Results)とは、アメリカのインテル社が開発した目標管理のフレームワークです。GoogleやFacebookなど、インターネット系の著名企業が取り入れていることで近年注目を集めています。
OKRでは目標設定、進捗確認、評価という過程を通じて、目標達成に向けて進捗していきます。事業全体や部門で目標を決め、1つの目標(O)に対して複数の主要な成果(KR)を設定することで、目標達成に向けて主体的に取り組むことを可能にします。
以下は、目標(O)と主要な成果(KR)を設定する際のポイントです。
<目標(Objectives)>
・ 定性的な目標でOK
・ 社員全員がワクワクする
・ シンプルで覚えやすい
・ 定量的な指数は入れない
・ 達成できる可能性が50~60%ぐらいの野心的なビジョン
・ 1ヵ月~四半期(3ヵ月)の期間で設計
<主要な結果(Key Results)>
・ Objectivesの進捗を図るための定量的な指標・数値
・ 1つの目標に対して2~5つのKRを設定
OKRを組織全体、部門といった単位で考えてみると以下のようなイメージです。
企業 | 目標(O) | 2年後に業界トップシェアを獲得 |
成果指標(KR) | 1. 利益率〇%を獲得 2. 製品認知度を■%アップ 3. リピート率を△%まで高める |
部門 | 目標(O) | 20~30代にとって圧倒的に支持されるサービスにする |
成果指標(KR) | 1. 新規流入からのリピート率を△%まで高める 2. 既存顧客1,000人へのアンケート調査を実施 3. 20~30代の既存顧客に再利用を促す広告を実施 |
OKR は1ヵ月に1回のペースで進捗の確認、3ヵ月に1回のペースでOKRの見直しを行ない、現状に合わせて優先順位を見直していきます。こうすることで企業・チームの方向性が統一できるとともに、取り組むべきタスクの優先順位を明確にすることが可能です。
MBOとの違い
OKRと似た概念にMBO(Management by Objectives)があります。MBOはドラッカーが提唱したマネジメント手法の一つで、「目標」設定によって、社員の主体的な行動を引き出し、セルフマネジメントを促進する働きがあります。
また、MBOには目標によって組織のゴールに向けてメンバーの力を集約するという働きもあり、目標管理や人事評価などで活用されるのが一般的です。
OKRもMBOも「目標によるマネジメント」「目標によって社員の主体性を引き出す」「組織の方向へと個人の力を集約する」といった点は同じですが、活用シーンや重きを置いている意図が異なります。
| OKR | MBO |
活用シーン | ・組織の大きな目標達成に向けて、メンバーの力を引き出す ・人事評価とは直接的に紐づけない | ・組織の目標達成に向けて、チーム・個人の役割と目標を明確にすることで、メンバーの主体性を引き出す ・人事評価と直接的に連携さる。 |
設定する最上位の目標 | ・ビジョンや定性目標 ・達成することにワクワクする、モチベートされる目標 ・達成率50~60%ぐらいになるような難易度の高い目標 | ・定量目標 ・組織の業績目標や事業計画と分解した目標 ・運用によるが100%以上の達成を目指すことが通常 |
測定基準 | ・定量的な指標 | ・定量的な指標 |
比べてみると、OKRは「方向性の統一とモチベート」に重きが置かれており、MBOは「役割分担と評価」に重きが置かれていることがわかります。
なお、MBOに関しては、以下の記事で詳しく解説していますので、ご興味あればご覧ください。
OKR導入のメリット
OKRは組織目標に向けてメンバーの力を集約するフレームワークで、チャレンジ性の高い目標を全メンバーで共有するのが大きな特徴です。一般的に直接的な人事評価に活用しないからこそ、人事評価に連携させることが多いMBOにはないメリットを得ることができます。
大きな目標に挑戦しやすくなる
OKRは人事評価と切り離されたフレームワークになるため、失敗を恐れず、大きな目標にも挑戦しやすいといえます。MBOでは、目標の達成率を人事評価に活用することが多く、目標設定が保守的となり、チャレンジングになりづらい傾向があります。
一方で、OKRの場合は、達成できる可能性が60~50%程とチャレンジ性の高い目標を設定します。そのため、新しいことにチャレンジする機会も増えますし、目標の達成可否に囚われず大胆に行動することができます。OKRがスタートアップやベンチャー企業で好まれる最大の理由です。
エンゲージメントを高められる
OKRは「KeyResults」の設定はMBOでの目標設定と同じように、定量的な指標やKPIを設定することになります。一方で、「Objective」は組織のミッションやビジョンからつながった、ワクワクする野心的な目標、定性的なビジョンを掲げます。
ミッションやビジョンドリブンで動く企業にとって、ミッションやビジョンに近づくことが実感できる「Objective」を全メンバーで共有することは、エンゲージメントの向上に効果があります。
メンバーの意識を統一できる
エンゲージメントに近い内容ですが、OKRの目標(Objective)は企業のミッションやビジョンにリンクしており、かつ、1~3ヵ月程度の想像しやすい時間軸で、ミッション・ビジョンの実現に向けて何を達成するかを示したものです。
OKRを運用すると、「定性的だがミッションやビジョンほど抽象的ではなく、想像しやすい」目標を全メンバーが共有することになります。直近で組織としてどこを目指すのか、何が優先なのかを明確なメッセージとして示すことは、メンバーの意識や方向性をそろえることにつながります。
組織は少人数のうちは共通した意識をもって仕事に取り組みやすいですが、社員数が増えたり、複数の職種で業務分担を実施したりしていくと、意識の統一は徐々に難しくなります。
OKRで統一した目標を掲げることは、組織全体のゴールと自分の仕事のつながりが明確になり、チームや部門はもちろん、組織全体の一体感を醸成することができます。
OKRの導入・運用を成功させるポイント
OKRの運用を効果的に実施するためには、以下3つのポイントを押さえることが大切です。
OKRを定期的に見直す
OKRは定期的に見直しを行なうことがとても大切です。OKRは評価制度とリンクしないからこそ、固定化・形骸化させないためにちゃんと運用する必要があります。
組織の状況や優先順位は1~3ヵ月程度で変わっていくことが多いでしょう。変化の激しいベンチャーやスタートアップであればなおさらです。したがって、組織の状況を見ながらしっかりと見直しを入れることが大切です。OKRが常に組織の現状を反映した目標となっていればこそ、メンバー全員の意識やエネルギーを集中させるものになります。
見直しは四半期(3ヵ月)に1回のペースで行なうのが一般的ですが、チーム内のコミュニケーションや実行力によってはもっと短いスパンで実施するケースもあります。
OKRの進捗確認は週次で実施することが基本です。ただ、週次の進捗確認に加えて、月1回ぐらいのペースで、「OKRのなかでも捨てるもの」「フォーカスするもの」など、優先順位付けの確認を行なうことがおススメです。
取り組むべきタスクの優先順位を明確にするとともに、目標の見直しを実施する必要があるかのチェックにもなります。
ウィンセッションの実施
OKRで設定した目標は、野心的でワクワクするような数ヵ月スパンのビジョンです。一方で、難易度が高いからこそ、定量的な達成は難しく、なかなか進捗が進まない部分もあります。
そのなかでメンバーのモチベーションを高めて意欲を引き出すのが、「ウィンセッション」と呼ばれるプログラムです。ウィンセッションとはOKRの運用内で実施させる定期ミーティングのことで、日本語に直訳すれば「勝利の共有時間」といった意味になります。
「ウィンセッション」は一般的なミーティングとは異なり、メンバー全員でお互いの取り組みを賞賛し、認め合うことが目的です。「OKRの達成に向けて今週どんな進捗があったか」というテーマで、参加者はごく小さな進捗も発表します。
ほかのメンバーとお互いの進捗を共有・承認・賞賛しあうことで、前進している手ごたえと野心的な目標へとチャレンジしていくモチベーションを維持することができます。
ウィンセッションは、毎週金曜日に実施するのが一般的ですが、企業によっては週の始めにウィンセッションを実施して、進捗の共有とともに「今週何を進捗させるか」「どんなアクションが最優先か」といった共有をしているケースもあります。
ウィンセッションは組織の方向性をそろえ、情報共有する場にもなりますので、OKR運用と並行して必ず実施することがおススメです。
中期的なOKRと長期的なOKRを組み合わせる
OKRで「3ヵ月では無理だろう」というくらい高すぎる目標を設定してしまうと、いつまでたっても達成感を得られず、メンバーにストレスを与えてしまうこともあります。そのため、目標設定の時点で「高すぎるかもしれない……」と感じた場合は、中期的なOKRと長期的なOKRを組み合わせて設定することがおススメです。
中期的なOKRと長期的なOKRを組み合わせるというのは、「1年後のストレッチゴール」と「1~3ヵ月後の目標」を設定するという形です。
OKRの目標設定は1~3ヵ月周期が基本となります。そのなかで、目標設定が高すぎると1~3ヵ月ごとに達成できないまま、ゴール設定を変えることが繰り返され、行先を見失いやすくなります。
そこで、一貫した方向性を示すものとして、「1年後のストレッチゴール」を設定したうえで、「1~3ヵ月ごとに状況に応じて目標を設定」していくのです。1年後のストレッチゴールがあることで、目指す方向で一貫性を生み出すことができます。
なお、1年でも難しいと感じる場合は2年先のOKRを設定し、2年後の目標をもとに3ヵ月ごとのOKRを作成していくことも一つの方法です。2年あればかなり高い目標を掲げることもできますし、チャレンジや飛躍のための取り組みにも無理なく着手することが可能です。
まとめ
OKRは野心的でワクワクする目標(Objective)を掲げ、目標を達成するための2~5つの主要な成果指標(KeyResults)を設定することで、メンバーのエネルギーを集中させて組織の生産性を高める仕組みです。
OKRは「目標によるマネジメント」「目標によって社員の主体性を引き出す」「組織の方向へと個人の力を集約する」といった点で、日本の一般的な目標管理制度であるMBOとよく似ています。しかし、OKRは人事評価等に直接的に連携させないことが一般的であり、この点がMBOとは大きく異なります。
組織メンバーのエンゲージメントを高め、力を集約することに重きが置かれているからこそ、「達成率50~60%になるような野心的でモチベートされる定性目標」を組織や部門全体で掲げるのです。
評価制度とリンクさせないからこそ、形骸化・固定化しないように、1~3ヵ月単位での見直し、ウィンセッションの実施、状況に応じて中期のOKRと長期のOKRを組み合わせる等の運用が重要です。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック|取締役 兼 常務執行役員
近藤 浩充
大学卒業後、情報システム系の会社を経て入社。
IT戦略事業、全社経営戦略、教育事業、採用・就職支援事業の責任者を経て現職。企業の採用・育成課題を知る立場から、当社の企業向け教育研修を監修するほか、一般企業、金融機関、経営者クラブなどで、若手から管理職層までの社員育成の手法やキャリア形成等についての講演を行っている。
昨今では管理職のリーダーシップやコミュニケーションスキルをテーマに、雑誌『プレジデント』(2023年)、J-CASTニュース(2024年)、ほか人事メディアからの取材も多数実績あり。
著書、登壇セミナー
・社長の右腕 ~上場企業 現役ナンバー2の告白~ ・今だからできる!若手採用と組織活性化のヒント
・withコロナ時代における新しい採用力・定着率向上の秘訣
・オンライン研修の「今と未来」、社員育成への上手な取り入れ方
・社長が知っておくべき、業績達成する目標管理と人事評価
・社長の右腕 ~ナンバー2の上司マネジメント / 部下マネジメント~
・オーナー経営者が知っておきたい!業績があがる人事評価制度と組織づくりのポイント
・社長の右腕 10の職掌 など
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