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60歳以上の雇用に関する企業の義務は?高年齢者の継続雇用に関するポイントを解説 | HRドクター | 株式会社ジェイック 60歳以上の雇用に関する企業の義務は?高年齢者の継続雇用に関するポイントを解説
少子高齢化が加速する日本では、高齢者が企業や社会で活躍できる環境整備が急務になっています。そのため、日本政府では、国策として高年齢者の雇用促進に関する法改正などを進めています。
こうしたなかで2021年4月1日に施行されたのが、改正高年齢者雇用安定法です。高年齢者雇用安定法の改正によって、60歳以上の雇用に関する企業の義務が増えています。
本記事では、まず60歳以上の雇用に関する企業の義務、70歳までの継続雇用制度における再雇用と勤務延長の違いを確認します。そして、60歳以上の高齢社員が離職する場合の再就職援助措置、60歳以上の雇用に取り組むうえで企業が検討すべきことを紹介しますので、参考にしてください。
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60歳以上の雇用に関する企業の義務
日本では、60歳以上の社員を雇用する企業に「65歳までの効用確保の義務」と「70歳までの就業確保の努力義務」が定められています。まず本章では、それぞれの内容を確認します。
65歳までの雇用確保(義務)
65歳までの雇用確保(義務)は、2021年4月1日に改正高年齢者雇用安定法が施行される前からある制度です。2021年に新制度が施行される前までは、65歳までの雇用確保を主眼として、事業主には以下2つが義務付けられていました。
- 60歳未満定年の禁止(高年齢者雇用安定法第8条)
- 65歳までの雇用確保措置の実施(高年齢者雇用安定法第9条)
定年を65歳未満に定めている事業主の場合、以下のいずれかの措置(高年齢者雇用確保措置)を講じなければなりません。
- 65歳までの定年引き上げ
- 定年制の廃止
- 65歳までの継続雇用制度(再雇用制度・勤務延長制度)の導入
継続雇用制度の場合、原則として希望者全員に再雇用や勤務延長などを適用する必要があります。
70歳までの就業確保(努力義務)
2021年4月1日からの制度改正では、先述の65歳までの雇用確保(義務)のほかに、70歳までの就業確保(努力義務)が新たに加わることになりました。70歳までの就業確保(努力義務)を、高年齢者就業確保措置と呼びます。対象は以下の事業主です。
- 定年を65歳以上70歳未満に定めている事業主
- 65歳までの継続雇用制度(70歳以上まで引き続き雇用する制度を除く)を導入している事業主
高年齢者就業確保措置は、以下から選択可能になります。
- ・70歳までの定年引き上げ
- ・定年制の廃止
- ・70歳までの継続雇用制度(再雇用制度・勤務延長制度)の導入
- (特殊関係事業主に加えて、他の事業主によるものを含む)
- ・70歳まで継続的に業務委託契約を締結する制度の導入
- ・70歳まで継続的に以下の事業に従事できる制度の導入
- a.事業主が自ら実施する社会貢献事業
- b.事業主が委託、出資(資金提供)などをする団体が行なう社会貢献事業
高年齢者就業確保措置は、現時点では努力義務のため、いまのところ罰則は定められていません。ただし、上記いずれかの措置を講じない場合、行政からの改善勧告があり、また、勧告を無視すれば、社名公表などのペナルティが課せられる場合もあるとされています。
また、高齢者雇用に関する国の方針を考えると、将来的な制度の強化に備えて、早めにシニア雇用の環境整備や対策を実施したほうがよいでしょう。
70歳までの継続雇用制度における再雇用と勤務延長の違い
70歳までの継続雇用を確保する制度には、再雇用と勤務延長の2種類があります。継続雇用制度の導入に向けて環境整備などを進める場合、それぞれの特徴を理解して、自社に合うものを選択する必要があります。本章ではそれぞれの内容と特徴を簡単に紹介します。
再雇用とは?
再雇用制度とは、あらかじめ決まっていた定年退職日に一度退職をしたあと、定年までとは異なる以下のような雇用形態で再び雇い入れる制度を指します。
再雇用制度は、定年制度に変更を加える必要がないため、すぐに導入しやすいメリットがあります。また、シニア社員本人の希望や自社の環境などを踏まえて、個別に雇用形態や契約内容を設定できることも特徴です。
勤務延長とは?
勤務延長制度とは、定年退職日以降も、同じ雇用形態で働き続けられる仕組みです。シニア社員からすれば、役職・賃金・仕事内容なども同じになるため、定年前と同様に働ける体力などさえあれば、メリットの高い制度になります。
ただし、すべてのシニア社員を勤務延長した場合、人件費の増大や世代交代が進まないなどの問題が起こりやすくなります。また、「この人が抜けると業務に支障が生じる」などの理由で一部のシニア社員だけに勤務延長を適用すれば、ほかのシニア社員に不公平感が生じる場合もあるでしょう。
上記を踏まえると、個別に調整していかないといけない手間は生じますが、再雇用制度の方が企業にとって導入しやすく、使い勝手もいいといえるかも知れません。
60歳以上の高齢社員が離職する場合の再就職援助措置とは?
2021年4月1日施行の改正高年齢者雇用安定法では、解雇などで離職する高年齢者などが再就職を希望する場合、企業に対して、以下のような再就職援助措置を求めています。
- 求職活動に対する経済的支援
- 求人の開拓、求人情報の収集・提供、再就職のあっせん
- 再就職に資する教育訓練などの実施、受講のあっせん など
60歳以上の雇用に取り組むうえで企業が検討すべきこと
企業が、改正高年齢者雇用安定法に基づき60歳以上の雇用環境を整備する際には、シニア社員、また現役社員のモチベーション維持につながる工夫や配慮も大切となります。
合理性のある賃金体系
賃金体系は、働く人のモチベーションを左右する大事なものです。一方で、将来の日本では、70歳までの雇用確保が努力義務から義務に変わる可能性が十分にあります。企業が人件費の増大を不安視する場合、あまり多くの賃金はシニア社員に支払えないかもしれません。
一方で、シニア社員に高いモチベーションで働いてもらうためには、働き方や業務内容・役職・成果などに応じた賃金体系を整備することは大切です。シニア世代だけではなく現役世代まで含めて、貢献度に見合った透明でわかりやすい制度を考える必要があるでしょう。
柔軟な勤務体系
シニア社員になると、健康面で以下のような問題も起こりやすくなります。
- すぐに疲れてしまう
- 体調不良が生じやすい
- 長距離通勤が負担になる
- 持病の定期通院がある など
こうした悩みを抱えるシニア社員に少しでも長く元気に働き続けてもらうには、負担の軽減につながる以下のような勤務体系を用意することも大切です。
- 時短勤務制度
- フレックスタイム制度
- リモートワーク制度 など
また、本人の体調などに合わせて、働き方を変える柔軟性も必要でしょう。
働きやすい職場環境
高年齢者就業確保措置などを講じる場合、年上のシニア社員が孤立することなく、現役社員と働ける環境づくりも大切です。
たとえば、時短勤務になったシニア社員に新人のメンター役をお願いすることで、若手とシニア社員の間にコミュニケーションの機会や信頼関係が生まれるようなこともあるでしょう。
同時に、若手や中堅層のリーダーが、過去の上司などであるシニア社員の前で萎縮したり、シニア社員を煩わしく思ったりすることなく、自分の仕事ができる工夫や配慮も必要となります。
高齢社員の能力開発
シニア社員の体力等の衰えを考えると、職種によっては、定年前~70歳まで同じ仕事に従事することは、現実的ではない場合もあるでしょう。問題を防ぐには、50代のうちにキャリアデザイン研修を行ない、自分の「強み」と、継続雇用されたあとの「これから」を意識してもらうことがおすすめです。
ただし、50代になって、ある程度の経験値や価値観が固まってくると、一般的には研修などを受講させても効果性が薄くなるといわれています。ただ、HRドクターを運営する研修会社ジェイックの「7つの習慣®」研修などは、シニア社員向けのキャリアデザイン研修としても、大きな実績をあげています。
興味のある方は、ぜひ以下の資料をチェックしてみてください。
高齢社員の知識や経験を活かす配置・処遇
シニア社員になると、課長や部長などの役職から外れ、体力も低下し、自信やモチベーションが低下しやすくなることもあるでしょう。そうした問題を防ぐには、たとえば、シニアアドバイザーのようにシニア社員の知識や経験を活かせる処遇や配置を導入することもおすすめです。
シニアアドバイザーという相談役のような役割になれば、若手のリーダーなどへの助言もしやすくなるでしょう。また、適切な頼る/頼られる関係性が構築できれば、シニア社員が働きやすく、活躍してもらえる環境も構築しやすくなるでしょう。
まとめ
2021年4月1日に施行された改正高年齢者雇用安定法によって、企業には、60歳以上の雇用に関して、以下の義務と努力義務が生じるようになりました。
- 65歳までの雇用確保(義務)
- 70歳までの就業確保(努力義務)
70歳までの継続雇用制度には、再雇用と勤務延長という2つの種類があります。企業が60歳以上の雇用に取り組む場合、シニア社員のモチベーションを高めるうえでも、以下のポイントを大切にしながら、環境整備などを進めていくとよいでしょう。
- 合理性のある賃金体系
- 柔軟な勤務体系
- 働きやすい職場環境
- 高齢社員の能力開発
- 高齢社員の知識や経験を活かす配置・処遇
なお、待遇や働き方に関してはシニア社員への配慮だけでなく、現役社員から不満が出ないようにきちんと貢献度等に応じたものにする必要があります。それを考えると、とくに役職定年等を迎えるシニア社員に意識を改革してもらうことも必要です。
HRドクターを運営する研修会社のジェイックが運営する「7つの習慣®」研修は、シニア社員の意識改革・ライフプラン研修としても成果をあげた実績がありますので、ご興味あれば検討してみてください。
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古庄 拓
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