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パワハラ防止法とは?概要や禁止行為の具体例、罰則、職場での対応ポイントを分かりやすく解説 パワハラ防止法とは?概要や禁止行為の具体例、罰則、職場での対応ポイントを分かりやすく解説
パワハラ防止法は、改正労働施策総合推進法の通称で、職場でのパワーハラスメントをはじめとするハラスメント行為について、企業(事業主)に防止措置を義務付ける法律です。
2019年5月に成立して、2020年6月より大企業に対して施行されました。中小企業は猶予期間が設けられていましたが、2022年4月から中小企業にも施行対象が拡大されています。
本記事では、パワハラ防止法の概要や禁止行為の具体例、違反時の罰則や職場での対応ポイントを分かりやすく解説します。
<目次>
パワハラ防止法とは?
パワハラ防止法は、改正労働施策総合推進法の通称であり、職場でのパワーハラスメントをはじめとするハラスメント行為等について、企業(事業主)に防止措置を講じることを義務付ける法律です。
2019年5月に成立して、2020年6月より大企業に対して施行されました。中小企業は猶予期間が設けられていましたが、2022年4月から中小企業にも施行対象が拡大されています。
パワハラ防止法が施行された背景
本章では、パワハラ防止法が施行されるようになった背景について解説します。
パワハラ防止法が施行された背景
パワハラ防止法が施行された背景は、各都道府県に設置されている労働局に寄せられた、職場環境におけるトラブルや悩みの相談件数が増加したことがあります。
2016年に厚生労働省が実施した職場のパワーハラスメントに関する実態調査では、相談窓口に最も寄せられる相談内容の上位は、パワハラ(48.2%)、セクハラ(29.8%)、顧客等からの著しい迷惑行為(19.5%)という結果になりました。この調査から分かるように、パワーハラスメントは、職場で最も多いハラスメントであることが分かります。
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11200000/000775817.pdf
(参考) 2028年度「職場のパワーハラスメントに関する実態調査」厚生労働省による報告書
中小企業にも2022年4月から適用
前章でもお伝えした通り、パワハラ防止法は、2019年5月に成立し2020年6月よりまず大企業に対して施行されました。
中小企業では、2022年3月までは努力義務となっていましたが、2022年4月から義務化されています。現在では、大企業だけでなく中小企業においても、事業主は、職場でパワーハラスメントを行ってはならない旨の方針を明確化し、労働者に周知・啓発すること、およびパワハラに対する具体的な措置を講じることが義務づけられています。
パワハラ防止法に罰則はある?
パワハラ防止法に、罰則規定はありません。そのため、違反したとしても、罰金や経営者の懲役、営業停止などの処置が取られることはありません。ただし、違反が発覚した場合には厚生労働省から勧告を受け、適切な対応を取らなかった場合には社名とパワハラの内容を公表される可能性があります。
また、前述の通り、ハラスメント行為に対する世間の価値観は過去数十年で大きく変化しています。パワーハラスメント等が発覚した場合、SNS上での炎上やマスコミで報道されることによるブランド棄損や企業イメージの悪化は、企業にとって行政罰以上に大きなダメージが生じるものとなっています。
パワーハラスメントの定義
パワーハラスメントは、何となく“上司による圧迫や嫌がらせ”ととらえられていることもありますが、じつは明確に定義があります。パワハラは“上司から部下”だけに限定されるものなどではないため、パワハラを防止する、また逆に適切に業務指導するためには、何がパワハラに該当するのかをしっかりと理解しておくことが大切です。
厚生労働省はパワハラを“職場で働く者に対して、職務上の地位や人間関係などの職場内での優位性を背景に、業務の適正な範囲を超えて、精神的・身体的苦痛を与えるまたは職場環境を悪化させる行為”と定義しています。
パワーハラスメントの定義
パワーハラスメントとは、以下3つすべてを満たす職場での行為
- 優越的な関係を背景とした言動
- 業務上必要かつ相当な範囲を超えたもの
- 労働者の就業環境が害されるもの
上記を見て、わかるとおり、“上司から部下”以外にも、“部下から上司”、“発注元から発注先”、“正社員から非正規雇用のメンバーへ”といったものも1から3の要素をすべて満たせば、パワハラにあたります。
一方で、客観的にみて、“業務上必要かつ相当な範囲で行なわれる適正な業務指示や指導”は、パワハラには該当しません。相手が一方的に「その言い方は不愉快です!パワハラです!」と主張したとしても、客観的に必要で妥当な範囲であればパワハラになることはありません。
パワハラは許されるものではありませんが、同時にパワハラを恐れすぎて、上司が適切な指導をできなくなることも非常に大きなリスクです。パワハラの定義を理解することで、パワハラを防ぎ、かつ適切な指導をできるようにしましょう。
パワハラ防止法違反になりうる行為のパターンと具体例
前章でパワハラの定義を紹介しましたが、本章ではもう少し具体的にパワハラになりうる行為のパターンや具体例を紹介します。
- 身体的な攻撃
- 精神的な攻撃
- 人間関係の切り離し
- 過大な要求
- 過小な要求
- 個の侵害
身体的な攻撃
暴行や傷害など、身体的な攻撃を行なうこと。たとえば、上司が部下を殴打したり、物を投げつけたり、物で叩いたり直接体に触れない行為も該当します。昭和の職場では“灰皿が飛ぶ”みたいなこともありましたが、最近では身体的な攻撃をともなうパワハラは減少しています。
精神的な攻撃
身体的な攻撃の代わりに増えているのが精神的な攻撃などによるパワハラです。精神的な攻撃とは脅迫や名誉毀損、侮辱やひどい暴言などが該当します。「そんな犯罪行為は職場ではないだろう」と思うかもしれませんが、たとえば、人格を否定するような内容の叱責を行なったり、罵倒するような内容の電子メールを送信したりするなども精神的な攻撃に該当します。
特に「お前ってやつは本当にダメだな」「社会人として失格だよ」「性根が腐ってる」など、言動の指導ではなく人格の否定になるような叱責は、精神的な攻撃であり、パワハラに該当しますので注意が必要です。
人間関係の切り離し
隔離、仲間はずれ、無視など、故意に人間関係からの切り離しを行なう行為です。たとえば、気に入らないメンバーを、不合理に仕事から外し、別室に隔離したり自宅研修させたりするなどの行為です。
“気に入らない人にだけ挨拶しない”“飲み会やイベントの連絡を意図的にしない”“メールグループ等から外す”といった行為も、繰り返えし積み重なればパワハラに該当します。
過大な要求
業務上明らかに不要なことや遂行不能なことを強制することもパワハラに該当にします。たとえば、業務時間内で到底対応できないレベルの業績目標や課題を課し、達成できなかった場合には厳しく叱責するなどです。
長期間にわたって、肉体的苦痛を伴う環境下で、通常の勤務とは関係のない労働を強制することなどもパワハラに当たります(たとえば、クーラーがない資料室で延々と資料の整理をさせる)。他の社員と明らかに違うレベルで成果を要求したり、厳しい基準で叱責したりすることも過大な要求に入りうるでしょう。
過小な要求
過大な要求と逆に、業務上の合理性なく 能力や経験とかけ離れた程度の低い仕事を命じることや仕事を与えないこともパワハラのパターンです。当人の能力に対してレベルの低すぎる業務を命令したり仕事を与えなかったりするなどは、自主退職を申し出させるためのパワハラとして有名です。
個の侵害
プライバシーに過度に立ち入ることもパワハラです。たとえば、労働者を職場外でも継続的に監視したり、最近では、LGBTQなどの問題に関連して労働者の性的指向、性自認や病歴などのセンシティブな個人情報を、当人の了解を得ずに他の労働者に暴露したりするなどが挙げられます。
また、リモートワーク環境下での過度の監視、セクハラ等とも連携してテレビ会議等で後ろに映っているものやプライベートに過度に踏み込もうとするなど、リモートワーク環境に紐づく“個の侵害”もあります。
企業がパワハラ防止法への対応を怠るリスク
パワハラ防止法には罰則規定がありませんが、企業がパワハラ防止法への対応を怠ると、次のようなリスクがあるため、注意が必要です。
被害者からの損害賠償の請求
企業は労働者に対し、パワハラが起こらないように配慮し、万一起こった場合は適切な対応や是正が必要です。状況を放置していると、職場内のパワハラが訴訟に発展した場合、使用責任者として被害者から損害賠償を求められる可能性も十分あります。
パワハラ訴訟の多くは、パワハラを行なった本人とパワハラを止められなかった企業、双方に慰謝料請求が発生します。
企業イメージの悪化
パワハラによって、勧告や指導を受けたり、訴訟に発展したりすることで、企業イメージが悪化する可能性があります。前述のとおり、ハラスメント行為に対する世間の関心や価値観は大きく変わっており、SNSでの拡散等もつながって、売上や採用活動に大きな悪影響をおよぼします。
職場の生産性が低下する
パワハラが横行している組織では、メンバー同士が良好なコミュニケーションが取りにくくなります。また、メンバーの心理的安全性が脅かされることで、ストレスの増加や集中力の低下の原因にもなります。当然、活発なコミュニケーションを通じたイノベーションの創出なども期待できません。結果、職場全体の生産性は大きく低下するでしょう。
当然、パワハラが横行する労働環境の良くない企業からは優秀な人材は離脱し、人材不足から企業の競争力は低下する一方となるでしょう。
パワハラ防止に向けた取り組みチェックリスト
□ | パワハラに対する方針の明確化、周知・徹底 |
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□ | 実態を調査する |
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□ | 研修を実施する |
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□ | 相談窓口を設ける |
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□ | 再発防止策に取り組む |
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パワハラに対する方針の明確化、周知・徹底
前述のように、事業主はパワハラを防止するために、雇用管理上必要な措置を講じることが義務付けられています。職場でのパワハラを防止するためには、最初にパワーハラスメントに対する方針の明確化、および周知・徹底を実施します。
事業主は以下のような点に注意して、パワハラに対する方針の明確化、および周知・徹底に取り組むようにしましょう。
・パワハラ防止方針は、組織の責任者が策定し、署名・捺印した文書として作成する
・パワハラ防止方針には、パワハラの定義や具体例、相談窓口や対応体制、再発防止や被害者支援などの内容を盛り込む
・パワハラ防止方針は、就業規則や社内規程などに明記し、労働者に配布したり掲示したりする
・パワハラ防止方針は、定期的に見直しや改善を行い、最新の状況やニーズに合わせて更新する
・パワハラ防止方針は、入社時や研修時などに労働者に説明し、理解と同意を得る
・パワハラ防止方針は、管理・監督者を含む全ての労働者に適用し、遵守させる
つまり、まず文章として作成・告知したうえで、次の研修等にもつなげて、実際に周知を徹底していくということです。
実態を調査する
まずはアンケートや聞き取り調査によって、職場でのパワーハラスメント発生の状況を把握することが重要です。正確な実態を把握するためには、アンケートを匿名で実施したり、個人面談で聞き取りを行なったりするなどの工夫が必要です。
研修を実施する
パワハラを防止するうえでは、社内研修を行なうことも大切です。管理職と一般メンバーで、分けて研修を実施するのが望ましいでしょう。管理職は“職場で優越的な地位”を持っているため、パワハラを筆頭としたハラスメントを起こしやすい立場です。
同時に、前述の通り、最近はパワハラを恐れるあまり、管理職が適正な指導を実施できなくなる風潮もあります。そのため、特に管理職に対しては、“パワハラを起こさない”と“適切に指導する”を両立できるように研修しましょう。
ハラスメント研修は定期的に繰り返し実施することで、ハラスメントを許さないというメッセージを送り、良質な職場風土を醸成していく効果があります。
相談窓口を設ける
相談窓口を設けることで、万が一発生した場合などに相談を受けることが出来ます。とくにパワハラの場合には、上司などが加害者となることが多いわけですので、通常の指揮命令系統の中で解決することは困難です。
なお、相談窓口は被害者やメンバーが相談に行きやすいようにすることが重要です。社内で適切な窓口が作れない場合は、外部機関に依頼する等も一つの方法です。
再発防止策に取り組む
パワハラが発生した場合には、再発防止策への取り組みが必要です。パワハラが繰り返されないように、加害者に対しては注意や配置転換・懲戒処分などの対処を検討します。
また、被害者に対しても、パワハラを訴えたことで職場に居づらくなったり、不利益を被ったりすることがないように、アフターケアが大切です。パワハラが発生したとき、加害者にきちんと対処できるかで、メンバーから組織への信頼が変わります。毅然とした対応をすることが重要です。
まとめ
2022年4月から中小企業も対象となったパワハラ防止法に罰則規定はありませんが、企業がパワハラの発生を知りつつ適切な対策を講じなかった場合には、被害者から損害賠償されたり、企業の信頼を失ったりすることにつながる場合があります。
また、ハラスメントに対する世間の価値観が変わった中で、行政罰や訴訟以外でも、SNSや報道によるブランド棄損やイメージ悪化のダメージもかなり大きなものとなります。もちろんパワハラが発生しているような職場は、心理的安全性もなく、組織の生産性も高まりません。
ハラスメント、とくにパワハラに対する報道やSNSでの炎上なども増えている中で、とくに管理職層にはきちんとした知識を身に付けさせることで、パワハラが発生しない組織風土を醸成し、同時に適切な指導等を実施できる環境を作りましょう。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック 執行役員
東宮 美樹
筑波大学第一学群社会学類を卒業後、ハウス食品株式会社に入社。営業職として勤務した後、HR企業に転職。約3,000人の求職者のカウンセリングを体験。2006年にジェイック入社「研修講師」としてのキャリアをスタート。コーチング研修や「7つの習慣®」研修をはじめ、新人・若手研修から管理職のトレーニングまで幅広い研修に登壇。2014年には前例のない「リピート率100%」を達成。2015年に社員教育事業の事業責任者に就任。
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