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新人研修のカリキュラムの設計ポイントと効果を上げる7つの質問 新人研修のカリキュラムの設計ポイントと効果を上げる7つの質問
新人研修のカリキュラムを効果的なものにする基本は、研修目的を明確に設定して、ゴール状態を定めたうえで、ゴール達成から逆算して設計することです。
新人研修は教える内容がある程度定型化されているからこそ、上記のステップをしっかりと踏むことが大切です。
記事では、新人研修のカリキュラムを設計するうえで留意したいポイントを解説します。カリキュラム例や設計のヒントも紹介しますので、ぜひカリキュラム設計の参考にしてください。
<目次>
新人研修カリキュラムを設計するポイント
まずは新人研修のカリキュラムを組立てるうえで基本となるポイントをお伝えします。
目的とゴールの明確化
具体的な研修内容を考える前に、まずは新人研修の目的とゴールを明確化しましょう。
他の研修に比べると、新人研修は教える内容がある程度決まっていることもあり、目的とゴールを考えずに内容を考えてしまいがちです。また、他社のプログラムを安易にコピーしてしまっているケースも見られます。
もちろん、優れた他社事例を取り入れていくのは素晴らしいことですが、自社での目的とゴールが明確になっていないと、軸がぶれて、効果が中途半端になりやすいので注意が必要です。
何より大切なのは、「受講者が最終的にどうなってほしいか」というゴールを決めることです。次いで「そのゴールを達成するために、どういった研修テーマをどのように実施すればいいか」を逆算していきます。
研修で教えるテーマは、「学生から社会人への意識の切り替え」「組織社会化」「ビジネスマナーなど社会人の基礎スキルの習得による戦力化促進」の3つが基本となります。3つを軸としつつ、自社の業務内容に応じて、必要な内容があれば追加すると良いでしょう。
目的・ゴールの決め方
新人研修のゴールを設定する際には、「部門配属時にどういうマインドを身に付けていてほしいか」「部門配属時に何ができていて、何を知っていればいいか」を各部門とすり合わせておくことが大切です。
新人研修のゴール・方向性を、新人を受け入れる部門と共有しておかなければ、配属後に「今年の新人は使えない」と評価されてしまうおそれがあります。
また、マインドセットがしっかり出来ていないと、新人側からも「教育体制が整っていない」「こんなはずじゃなかった」という不満が出てしまうこともありえます。新人のポテンシャルをしっかり活かせるよう、すり合わせを徹底しましょう。
新人研修は、教える内容が多いため、知識インプットの比率が高くなりやすい研修です。しかし、現場配属時には“知っている”状態では不十分であり、一部のマインドや力は“している”“身に付いている”ことが求められます。
多岐にわたる研修内容の中でも、「どういう意識や思考が浸透している必要があるか」「言動や能力は何を実践している状態であれば良いか」などと、受け入れ部門とも協議しながら絞り込んでいきましょう。
なお、上記は、部門配属前のOff-JTを想定して記載していますが、部門配属後のOff-JT/OJTにおいてもゴール設定は大切です。
部門配属後の場合、多くの場合、Off-JT/OJTを通じて “1人前”になることが求められます。この時、“1人前”の状態をしっかり定義することが大事です。“1人前”とは、どんな成果と働き方が出来て、そのためにどんなスキルが身に付いている必要があるか。
また、ゴールから逆算して「スキルをどんな順番で身に付けていけばいいか」「身に付けていく途中のミニゴールをどう設定できるか」「各ステップでは何をどのように教えるか」といったOJT計画を作っていきます。
新人研修のゴールを決める際には、「入社1年後の姿」を思い描くことも一つの方法です。1年後のゴールを新入社員自身と共有することで、教える側・教えられる側で目指すところが一致し、教育効果の向上やモチベーションUPの効果も期待できます。
新人研修 期間ごとのカリキュラム設計
業種や職種によって多少異なる部分もありますが、一般的に新人研修は、以下に挙げる5つの期間を組み合わせてカリキュラムを設計すると、段取りを考えやすくなります。
- 入社前教育(内定者研修など)
- 初期研修①(人事所管のOff-JT)
- 初期研修②(人事所管のOJT)
- 部門OJT
- 部門配属後の人事Off-JT(精神的なフォローや1年後研修など)
この時、各フェーズ間の接続、つまり「何を学んで、何をできる状態で次のフェーズに引き継ぐか」を思考しておくことが大切です。
特に人事所管の研修から部門OJTに接続するときに、“想定しているゴール”と“受け入れ側が期待する状態”のすり合わせが不足していると、リアリティショック(新入社員の「こんなはずじゃなかった」という心理的衝撃)も生じやすくなります。
それでは、上で述べた1〜5の期間におけるカリキュラムの具体例を見ていきましょう。
1.入社前の事前教育
入社前に行なう新人研修は、モチベーションが高い状態で入社するためのマインドセットが基本です。入社理由や入社後のキャリアビジョンを明確化すること等が、よくあるプログラムです。
また、内定者同士や先輩社員との交流による人的部分の組織社会化、パソコン操作やビジネスマナー、資格取得に向けた基礎知識習得等を、内定者教育で取り入れることもおススメです。
2.初期研修①(人事所管のOff-JT)
入社後の初期研修は、大きく3つのテーマが基本となります。
A>マインドセット
学生気分を卒業し、社会人としてのマインドセットを身に付けてもらい、仕事に対する責任、プロとしての心構えなどをしっかり確認します。
社会人としてのプロ意識を初期段階でしっかり浸透させておかないと、現場配属時にリアリティショックが起きやすくなります。現場配属後、何らかの問題が生じてからマインドセットを身に付けさせることは非常に困難ですので、初期研修の段階できちんと身に付けさせることが大切です。
B>組織社会化
所属する組織に馴染むうえで、以下のような内容を学ばせます。
- 組織の理念や価値観(ミッション・ビジョン・バリュー)
- 企業の沿革
- 社内ルール、暗黙知的な行動規範
- 社内用語
- 自社のビジネスモデル
- 組織構成、各部署の仕事
- 社内の人
自分が所属する組織に馴染む組織社会化のプロセスは、組織内で力を発揮するために不可欠なプロセスです。
組織社会化のプロセスを踏まず、研修内容がビジネスマナーや業務スキルのみに偏ってしまうと早期離職や戦力化の遅れが生じやすくなります。ぜひ新人研修には、組織社会化を盛り込みましょう。
C>仕事で成果を上げるために必要となる基礎的なビジネススキル、知識の取得
新人研修の内容として最もイメージしやすい内容です。
- ビジネスマナー
- コンプライアンス
- 電話対応、ビジネスメール等
- 来客対応
- 名刺交換
- 業界の基礎知識、業界用語
- 各職種に応じた基礎的なスキル
3.初期研修②(人事所管のOJT)
人事所管のOJTは、部門OJTでの実務にスムーズに接続するために実施するOJTです。Off-JTで学んだことを活かす・身に付けることを目的に、実務を体験してもらいます。
営業職への配属が多い場合には営業のOJT、メーカー等であれば全部門をローテーションするような長期のOJTなど、業界や配属先職種に応じて実施されます(人事所管でのOJTは実施されず、直接部門OJTに移行する場合もあります)。
4.部門OJT
部門OJTでは、実務を通して具体的な業務スキルを習得してもらいます。配属される事業部、業務内容によってOJT内容は様々です。
例えば、営業職であれば、アポ取り・テレマーケティング・ヒアリング・商品知識・商談の進め方・クロージング技術・見積もり作成・請求書回収など、実際の業務に必要なスキルを一つひとつ、実践的に学んでもらうことになるでしょう。
営業職に関しては、人事所管のOJTと部門OJTを統合する形で、インサイドセールスチームでの業務を、営業職(フィールドセールス)としてデビューするまでのOJT的なステップとして位置付ける組織も増えてきました。
5.部門配属後の人事Off-JT
現場への配属後も、部門主導のOJT以外にも、モチベーションやOJT指導者との関係性の把握、メンタル面のケアなどを人事主導で実施することがおススメです。
部門配属後の育成を部門OJT指導者のみに任せると、部門OJT指導者の負担が大きくなるだけでなく、研修成果や定着度合いが部門OJT指導者の指導スキルや部門OJT指導者と新人との関係性に依存しやすくなります。
OJT指導者だけに育成を任せるのではなく、人事Off-JT、部門OJT指導者の上司面談、ブラザーシスター制度などをうまく組み合わせましょう。部門OJT指導者の負荷を減らすとともに、多方面から育成を支援するのが定着・活躍を促進する現場OJTのポイントです。
カリキュラム設計で意識したいポイント
新人研修のカリキュラム設計は、以下のようなポイントを意識しておくと良いでしょう。
プログラムの抜け漏れをなくす
マインドセットとスキル、組織社会化と業務スキル、インプットとアウトプットなど、研修内容のバランスを意識しましょう。偏りや漏れがないバランスの取れたカリキュラムが、早期の戦力化や配属後のスムーズなOJTにつながります。
OJTとの接続を意識する
くり返しになりますが、部門配属後のOJTとの円滑な接続を強く意識しましょう。「部門配属時点でどういったマインドセットが必要か」「配属時に何ができる状態にすれば良いか」を現場としっかりすり合わせましょう。認識にズレがあると、配属後のOJTがうまくいかず、現場からも不満が生じやすくなります。
オンライン対応を検討する
コロナ禍を契機に、オンラインと対面を組み合わせた「ブレンディッド」や「ハイブリッド」と呼ばれる育成を実施する企業が急激に増えています。オンラインとオフライン、それぞれの良さを組み合わせることで、効率的かつ効果的な教育プログラムを作ることができます。
また、会社がリモートワークを導入している場合、新入社員に求められる意識やスキルも多少変わってきますので、リモートワークの働き方に対応したプログラム調整も必要です。
例えば、これまで対面であれば自然と生まれていた「同期の絆」を意図的に構築するカリキュラム、リモートワーク下では今まで以上に必要になる「ホウレンソウに対する主体性」を強化するカリキュラムなどを取り入れることがポイントです。
内製と外部委託を併用する
社内で教えることと外部に委託することをうまく切り分けるのも、効率的で効果的な新人研修のポイントです。新人研修のすべてを内製する必要はありません。
組織社会化と個別具体的な業務スキルの教育は自社でしかできません。一方で、社会人としてのマインドセットやプロ意識は、外部の第三者から伝えたほうが有効なこともあります。また、ビジネスマナーや営業の基礎など、自社の根幹ノウハウではないところも、外部への依頼で品質を改善できる部分かもしれません。
OJTを現場に丸投げしない
人事所管の初期研修が終わったからといって、OJTを現場に丸投げしてはいけません。OJT計画の作成を人事が主導したり、配属後も定期面談等を実施したりすることで、OJTの品質を高めると共に、OJT指導者の力量や相性に依存するリスクを減らしましょう。
新人研修のOJTカリキュラムを設定するヒントになる7つの質問
最後に、新人研修のなかでもOJTカリキュラムを設定する際に役立つ7つの質問をお伝えします。OJTプログラムを考案するときは、以下の質問に答えていくことで、効果的なカリキュラムを作りやすくなりますので、ぜひ参考にしてください。
- OJT育成のゴールとなる「一人前」とはどのような状態か?(定性・定量でどんな成果をあげている、どんな仕事ぶりの状態か)
- 「一人前」になったとき、どんなスキルを身に付けている必要があるか?
- 「一人前」までの成長プロセスは、どんなステップ、プロセス目標に分解できるか?
- 各プロセス目標を達成するためにどんなスキルが必要となるか?
- スキルを身に付けるうえで、どんなプロセスやハードルがあるか?
- 各ステップで新人の離職やモチベーション低下の要因になりうる経験はどういったものがあるか?
- 過去の新人教育や現在の環境で、どういった課題や問題があるか?
7つの質問を考えていくようなフォーマットを作り、現場のOJT指導者に記入してもらうと良いでしょう。回答を踏まえて具体的な育成計画を作ってもらうと、OJT計画の品質が自然と向上します。
また、OJT計画書を共通フォーマットにすることで、過去データを蓄積しやすくなり、OJT指導者の負荷を減らせるというメリットもあります。
まとめ
新人研修のカリキュラム設計で最も大切なことは、ゴールを明確にすることです。新人研修は教える内容が多く、「何をどう教えるか?」に意識がいってしまいがちですが、最初に目指すべきゴールをしっかり決めることが効果的な研修実施につながります。
また新人研修は、入社前教育、人事所管のOff-JT、人事所管のOJT、部門OJT、部門配属後の人事Off-JTといった形で、大きくフェーズを分類できます。フェーズごとのゴールと次フェーズへの接続、そして、フェーズ内での研修内容を設計していくと、研修カリキュラムを設計しやすいでしょう。
特に重要になるのは、人事所管の初期研修から配属後OJTとの接続です。人事担当者と現場の担当者とで接続(何が身に付いて、出来ている必要があるか)をしっかりすり合わせることで、効果的な新人研修を実現しましょう。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック
高嶋 阿由里
明治学院大学卒業後、精密機器メーカーに勤務。新規事業をPJとして立ち上げから収益化までを行い、事業部にまで発展させる。その後、住生活関連のベンチャー企業に入社し、人事として社長直下で働いた後、ジェイックに入社。ジェイックでは、講師として受講者に寄り添い、現場でチームメンバーと協働して動ける「自立型人材」を育てる研修に特徴がある。
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