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トランジション(転換期)とは?意味や役割、人材育成における重要性を解説 トランジション(転換期)とは?意味や役割、人材育成における重要性を解説
トランジション(転換期)とは、人生やキャリアで訪れる大きな変化のタイミングを意味します。トランジションは新たなステージに入るうえで欠かせないものです。ただ、転換期には喪失感などのネガティブな感情や不安も伴いますので、あまり時間をかけず乗り越えることが大切です。
ビジネスパーソンは、組織内のキャリア形成で転換期を迎えることも多くなります。従って、組織マネジメントの視点からすると、従業員の転換期支援をすることも大切です。
本記事では、トランジション(転換期)とは何か?を説明したうえで、ビジネスパーソンに訪れがちなトランジションの乗り越え方や転換期のキャリアデザイン方法を解説します。
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トランジション(転換期)とは?
転換期は米国の人材系コンサルタント、ウィリアム・ブリッジズ氏によって提唱されたもので、英語では”トランジション”と呼ばれます。
トランジション(transition)という単語は、移行、変化、遷移という意味であり、ある段階から次の段階への移行を指します。
具体的にいうと、例えば人生では昇格・昇進や異動、転職や独立、結婚、出産などのライフイベントが転換期と呼ばれるタイミングです。
HR領域では、キャリア発達の過程として注目されることもあります。
転換期はそれまでの経験を見直して人生やキャリアに変化をもたらす転機となります。
組織開発・人材育成を考える上でも、メンバーが転換期をうまく乗り越えていくことの支援が必要となるでしょう。
トランジション(転換期)の3段階
ウィリアム・ブリッジズ氏によれば転換期は3段階あり、これらの不安を乗り越えて成長するとされています。
- 段階1)終焉(何かが終わるとき)
- 段階2)中立圏(ニュートラル・ゾーン)
- 段階3)開始(何かが始まるとき)
終焉(何かが終わるとき)
終焉とは、これまで慣れ親しんできた環境・人間関係・役割等が変化することにより、混乱や空虚感を感じる時期です。
変化の例としては、進学や就職、結婚、異動、失業があります。
慣れ親しんできた環境等は自分の意志で終わらせることもあれば、外部要因で終了させられるときもあるでしょう。
どちらの場合であっても、アイデンティティの喪失や後悔、悲しみ、怒りなど、ネガティブな感情が生じやすいとされています。
中立圏(ニュートラル・ゾーン)
中立圏(ニュートラル・ゾーン)とは、新しい状況にまだうまく移行できず、混乱や苦悩を抱えやすい時期です。
ブリッジスによれば、ニュートラル・ゾーンを乗り切るために以下の6つが有効だとしています。
- 1人の時間と場所を確保する
- さまざまな思いや考えをノートに書き留める
- これまでどう生きてきたのかを書き出す
- 自分は何がしたいのかを考える
- 今死んだときの心残りを想像する
- 心の動くままに行動する
このようにして自分と向き合うことで、自己を再構築できるようになります。
開始(何かが始まるとき)
開始(何かが始まるとき)とは、中立圏を乗り越えて、「転換」へと前向きに進んでいく時期です。
周りの人間と対話しながら目標を定め達成に向けて歩き始める時期であり、ポジティブな感情もともなうことが多いです。
ただし、安全で慣れている環境から離れることへの恐怖心が生まれることもあります。
人材育成におけるトランジション(転換期)の重要性
組織の人材育成・人材開発において、トランジション(転換期)にはどのような役割があるのでしょうか?本章では、人材育成におけるトランジションの重要性を3つの観点で解説します。
① 新たな役割や責任への移行
トランジションは、従業員が新しい役割や責任を引き受けるための重要な過程となります。組織が成長し変化する中で、従業員は新たなスキルや知識を習得し、自身の能力を向上させる必要があります。従業員は適切なトレーニングやサポートを受けながら、トランジション期を乗り越えて新しい役割への適応を図ることになります。
② より大きな成果を生み出すチームの再編成
トランジションは、今までよりも大きな成果を生み出す可能性を秘めたチームの再編成の機会でもあります。人事異動や配置転換などの要因によって、チームの構成が変わることがあります。記事では、「個人のトランジション」について紹介してきましたが、チームの構成が変わったとき、「チームとしてのトランジション」という概念で捉えることもできます。
チームメンバーの役割やスキルセットを適切に分析して、チームのトランジションを、新たなチームのビジョンと目標に基づいてチームビルディングしながら乗り越えることで今まで以上の生産性や成果の向上も期待できるでしょう。
③ 組織活性化の実現
トランジションを通じて人材の流れを生み出すことで、組織の活性化も期待できます。たとえば、配置転換で人材が異動すれば、新しい知識や技術が他の部署や部門に広まり、今までにはなかった新しいアプローチが生まれる可能性があります。
長期的な視野で人材育成を目指す企業にとって、例えば「この業務はあの人しかできない」といった仕事が属人化された状況は避けなければなりません。トランジションが必要となるような人事異動を通じて人材が持つ知識や技術を共有し、より多くの従業員が仕事の幅を広げていくことが、組織全体の活性化や能力の底上げにつながります。
トランジション・デザイン・モデルと10の役割ステージ
トランジション(転換期)においては、組織が求める役割と本人の意識や行動にGAPが生じる状況が往々にして発生します。GAPを乗り越えるためのアプローチとして参考になるのが「トランジション・デザイン・モデル」という考え方です。本章では、トランジション・デザイン・モデルの考え方と10の役割ステージについて解説します。
トランジション・デザイン・モデルとは?
トランジション・デザイン・モデルとは、組織における人の成長を「役割転換」というテーマで体系化した考え方を言います。トランジションのステージを決めることで、組織として従業員がトランジションを乗り越えるための支援や育成を計画的に行いやすくなります。
トランジション・デザイン・モデルの10の役割ステージ
リクルート・マネージメント・ソリューションズ社では、トランジション・デザイン・モデルの中で、キャリアの転換期を以下の10段階に分類しています。
- 段階1.Starter(新人・若手):組織の一員としてビジネスの基礎を身につける段階
- 段階2.Player(一人立ちした社員):任された仕事に取り組んでスキルの底上げを行う段階
- 段階3.Main Player(一人前の社員):様々な工夫により、自ら設定した目標を達成する段階
- 段階4.Leading Player(主力社員):組織業績と周囲のメンバーを牽引する段階
- 段階5.Expert(専門家):高い専門性を発揮することを通じて、組織業績と事業変革に貢献する段階
- 段階6.Professional(第一人者):卓越した専門性を発揮することを通じて、事業変革に道筋をつける段階
- 段階7.Manager(マネジメント):部下やチームのマネジメント能力を発揮する段階
- 段階8.Director(変革担当):組織全体の方向性や戦略を決める段階
- 段階9.Business Officer(事業変革担当):組織外部との関係性や社会的責任を担う段階
- 段階10.Corporate Officer(企業変革担当):未来のビジョンや価値観を提供する段階
組織の人材育成では、それぞれの役割ステージに沿って育成やキャリア支援を進めて行くことが大切です。各段階の詳細や段階ごとの人材開発のポイントについては、リクルート・マネージメント・ソリューションズ社の以下のリンク先で詳しく解説されています。
https://www.recruit-ms.co.jp/issue/feature/0000000153/1/
(参考:企業人の成長をデザインする|リクルート・マネージメント・ソリューションズ)
上記を参考にして、自社の組織状況で、支援の強化がトランジションポイント、キャリア転換の課題となりがちなトランジションポイントを特定して、具体的な支援策を検討するとよいでしょう。
キャリアで起こりがちな4つの転換期
ここからは具体的にキャリアで起こりがちな4つの転換期を紹介します。
- 学生から社会人への転換
- マネジメント職への転換
- プロフェッショナル職への転換
- 産休・育休の取得と復帰
学生から社会人への転換
学生から社会人になるタイミングも人生の大きな転換期です。
慣れ親しんだ環境、とくに多くの場合は「最上級生」である環境が終わり、「新入社員」として新環境で社会人としての姿勢や仕事の進め方を習得することになります。
新人を一日も早く組織の中で機能させるためには、社会人としての望ましい姿勢や仕事の進め方、必要なスキルなどを修得させるための育成を行なうことが大事です。
同時に、新人が自らの意思で自主的に課題に向き合って解決することを促しましょう。
転職も環境の変化という意味では近いものがあります。組織としてのサポート方法としては、オンボーディングやブラザーシスター制度などが有効です。
前述のように、転換期には感情的な不安や混乱などが通常以上に生じます。職場での環境変化だけでなく、プライベートでの環境変化もネガティブな感情やストレスを生み出します。
そうした状態に置かれていることを前提にして、社内でのサポート体制をつくり、スムーズに転換することを支援しましょう。
マネジメント職への転換
ビジネスパーソンはキャリア形成のなかで、マネジメントを任される時期がやってきます。マネジメントは、他人を動かして組織の成果を上げることです。
成果を上げるために目標や計画を立て、経営資源(ヒト、モノ、カネ)を活用しながら進捗を管理・調整していきます。
組織内での影響力が増す一方で、プレイヤーからマネジメント職への転換期にはプレイヤー時代に得られていた直接的な賞賛や感謝、顧客接点などが失われることに喪失感を感じる人もいます。
そうした点に配慮したうえで、次のやりがいを早期に得られるようにするサポートが必要です。例えば、新任管理者研修やメンター制度などが有効です。
プロフェッショナル職への転換
最近では上下関係が存在しないホモクラシー型の組織なども提唱されていますが、現実には組織の大半はピラミッド型の構成です。
したがって、上のポジションにいくにつれポジション数は減少することになります。
組織の成長期にはピラミッド自体が拡大することでポジション数が増えていき、マネジメント職にメンバーを吸収しやすくなりますが、組織の成長には限界もあります。
結果としてマネジメント職に上がれない、もしくは上位階層のマネジメント職に昇格できないことが見えたり、マネジメント職の責任を譲らなければならない(役職定年など)タイミングが訪れたりします。
このタイミングもキャリアの転換期であり、敗北感や喪失感が生じやすい変化です。そこでメンバーが立ち止まったままになってしまうと、組織としては生産性が上がりません。
最近ではキャリアパスとして、マネジメントコースとプロフェッショナルコースを設ける企業も増えていますが、スムーズにプロフェッショナル職に転換できるように支援する必要があるでしょう。
産休・育休の取得と復帰
産休・育休は女性にとって非常に大きな転換期となります。ばりばりと仕事に打ち込んでいた女性ほど、産休・育休に入るなかで社会との接点を失い、強い喪失感を抱いてしまうこともあります。
また、育休復帰のタイミングでは、自分がしていた仕事は他の誰か(後輩や下の年次であることが多い)に引き継がれており、かつ、短時間勤務などで以前とは違う状況で働く必要がある点にも注意しなければなりません。
こういった点をスムーズに転換できるよう、支援することが組織として大切です。
転換期のデザイン方法
個人としても組織としても、転換期は非常にデリケートな問題です。ここでは転換期をスムーズに抜けるための方法を紹介します。
- 転換期の期間を短縮する
- 新たな役割で成果をあげるための支援を提供する
- 転換期の意味を共有する
- 内面の自己改革を促す
転換期の期間を短縮する
転換期はなるべく時間をかけず、スムーズに乗り越えることが大切です。
終焉⇒中立圏⇒開始という3ステップのうち、とくに混乱や苦悩を抱えやすい中立圏をいかに早く抜け出すかが重要になります。
中立圏が長引くと、ネガティブな方向で深く考え込んでしまい、場合によっては悲観的な結論を出してしまいかねません。
個人で取り組む上では、前述のように「自分と向き合う」時間をしっかりと確保することが大切です。
- 1人の時間と場所を確保する
- さまざまな思いや考えをノートに書き留める
- これまでどう生きてきたのかを書き出す
- 自分は何がしたいのかを考える
- 今死んだときの心残りを想像する
- 心の動くままに行動する
同時に、組織等で中立圏の脱却を支援するうえでは、上記のような「自分と向き合う」ことを支援する面談やリフレクション研修、トランジションコーチングなどが有効です。
新たな役割で成果をあげるための支援を提供する
転換期の短縮ともリンクしますが、「開始」期に業務上でつまずくと、転換期が長引くことになります。
例えばメンバーをマネジメント職に転換させる場合、理論だけを身につけさせても、現場の問題や課題にしっかりつながって実践しないと成果はあがりません。
転換期には新たな役割等で成果をあげるために研修やオンボーディングなどを提供することも多くなりますが、単なる知識やノウハウのインプットではなく、「現場で成果をあげる」ことをゴールにし、しっかりと実践の促進やアフターフォローすることが大切です。
転換期の意味を共有する
終身雇用と年功序列が崩壊して成果主義になった中で、組織のなかで転換期が発生することも過去よりも増えています。
転換期はネガティブな感情や混乱なども伴いますが、転換期をうまく乗り越えることで、思考や経験の幅が広がり、新たなステージに入ることができます。
人は本能的に混乱やネガティブな感情を嫌うものです。ただ、上記のような転換期の前向きな意味をしっかりと共有して自分の内面で起きていることを受け止めやすくすることも大切です。
内面の自己改革を促す
転換期、新たな役割等で成果をだすためにはもちろん行動の変革が必要です。ネガティブ感情や混乱が生まれている中で、行動だけを変革しようとしてもなかなかうまくいきません。
転換期を短縮するためのアプローチでもコメントした通り、内面に意識を向けることで置かれている状況を整理して、受け入れや意味づけをすることができます。
リフレクション研修やコーチング、面談を通じて、内面で発生していることを認知してもらい、「終焉」の消化、「開始」の意味づけを促すことが有効です。
転換期(トランジション)に備えよう
転換期は人生やキャリアの節目となって、変化をもたらす出来事を指します。
たとえば、ビジネスキャリア内では、就職、転職、マネジメント職への昇格、マネジメント職からプロフェッショナル職への転換、産休や育休などがあげられます。
転換期は、①終焉⇒②中立圏⇒③開始という3ステップで構成されますが、とくに開始と中立圏ではネガティブな感情や混乱が生じます。
転換期をスムーズに乗り越えるためには、自分の内面としっかり向き合うことが大切です。
組織としても、面談やリフレクション研修、トランジションコーチングなどを用いて、メンバーの転換期を圧縮する取り組みが大切です。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック 執行役員
東宮 美樹
筑波大学第一学群社会学類を卒業後、ハウス食品株式会社に入社。営業職として勤務した後、HR企業に転職。約3,000人の求職者のカウンセリングを体験。2006年にジェイック入社「研修講師」としてのキャリアをスタート。コーチング研修や「7つの習慣®」研修をはじめ、新人・若手研修から管理職のトレーニングまで幅広い研修に登壇。2014年には前例のない「リピート率100%」を達成。2015年に社員教育事業の事業責任者に就任。
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