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社員教育の目的と必要性とは?実施のタイミングや効果性を高める方法 社員教育の目的と必要性とは?実施のタイミングや効果性を高める方法
社員教育は必要性や重要性を理解して、自社の状況に相応しいテーマを選び、また適切なタイミングや効果性の高い教育方法を実施すれば、組織の生産性向上に繋がります。ですが、企業経営する中で、社員教育をきちんと行っている会社もあれば、そうでない会社もあります。
記事では、社員教育の目的と必要性、具体的な実施タイミングや教育の効果を高めるポイントを解説します。
<目次>
社員教育の目的と必要な理由は?
社員教育を実施する主な目的は「個の成長」と「組織力の強化」を通じて、企業の生産性アップや組織の成長を実現することです。
個の成長
社員教育によってメンバーのモチベーションやスキルUPが実現すれば、組織全体の生産性も向上します。例えば、もっとも単純な労働生産性という視点でいえば、今まで2時間かかっていた仕事を1時間でこなせるようになれば、生産性は2倍になります。
現実はこんなに単純ではありませんが、単純な作業効率だけでなく、作業自体の見直しや仕事の品質、ステップ率の向上、機会損失の軽減、リスクや損失の回避、新たな事業機会の創出などは、すべてメンバーの意識やスキルUPから実現するものです。
メンバーの生産性が高まれば、企業の生産性は自ずと向上します。実際、内閣府発表のデータでは、人材投資を1%増やせば労働生産性が0.6%向上することがわかっています。
出典:【内閣府】 第2章 人生100年時代の人材と働き方
内閣府のデータを金額に直してみると、
・人材投資を1%増加 ⇒ 一人当たり2,800円/年増やす
↓
・労働生産性が0.6%向上 ⇒ 一人当たり約4.9万円/年の向上
になります。
もちろん、実際はこんなに単純ではありませんが、社員教育は企業にとって不可欠であり、非常に優良な投資ということができるでしょう。
組織力の強化
企業や組織内にはたくさんのメンバーが存在して、相互に影響を及ぼしたり、協力し合ったりして、成果をあげています。したがって、個の成長だけではなく、「人と人の間」をどう埋めるか、円滑につなげるかなども、組織の生産性や成長を左右します。
メンバー同士の相互理解を深めたり、心理的安全性を向上させたりすることで、組織のチームワークや連携は良くなります。
個々人の強みや弱み、コミュニケーションパターン、個性などを相互理解すること、またミッションやビジョン・バリュー等の浸透により共通言語を獲得することなどは、組織力の強化に非常に役立ちます。
社員教育を実施すべきタイミング
社員教育は新人が入社したときをはじめ、今の組織で生じている課題を解決したいときなど、さまざまなタイミングで実施されます。社員教育の実施を考えるべき5つのタイミングをご紹介します。
新人の入社時
新人が入社した際には、新入社員研修を実施するのが一般的です。新人研修は他の研修に比べて負担が大きく、時間もかかりますが、給与をもらってプロとして働く社会人のマインドと基本的なビジネスマナー等を、昨日まで学生だった新人に身に付けさせる重要な研修です。
また新人研修を考える上では、「教える側」となるOJT担当者や配属先の上司などに対する研修も検討すると良いでしょう。
ポジションが変わるタイミング
ポジションが変化すると仕事内容も大きく変わります。特にプレイヤーからリーダー・管理職への昇進は、「自分が動いて成果をあげる」プレイヤーから「他人を動かして組織の成果をあげる」管理職への転換が求められます。
当然、プレイヤー時代とは異なる意識や新たなスキルを身に付ける必要があります。そのため新任管理職研修はとくに重要です。
新任管理職やリーダー研修については、下記の記事でも詳しく解説していますので、ご興味があればぜひご覧ください。
また、拠点長・事業部長といったP/L責任者になるタイミングでは、マーケティングや会計に関する基本的な知識が必要なることもあるでしょう。また、異動のタイミングでも、新たな仕事に関する意識やスキルを研修でインプットすることが有効な場合もあるでしょう。
このようにポジションが変わるタイミングで社員教育を実施することで、新たなポジションに順応し成果をあげることを後押しできます。
節目のタイミング
入社して数年ほどすると、仕事に余裕が出てきた中で「このままで良いのか?」とキャリアに悩むタイミングがきます。この時に、個人で悶々と抱え込んでしまうと、モチベーションダウンや離職の要因となります。
そのため、入社1年後や3年目といった節目のタイミングで社員教育を実施しましょう。経験を振り返って成長実感を獲得したり、今後のキャリアプランや目標設定したりしてモチベーションUPに繋がる研修は有効です。
下記の記事で3年目研修について紹介していますので、ご興味があればご覧ください。
他にも節目となりやすいのは、以下のタイミングです。
・20代後半など、結婚して家庭を持ったタイミング
→ライフイベントや金銭面を含めたライフプランを考え始める人が増える時期
・40代中盤
→人によっては昇格や昇進の終わりが見えてモチベーションダウンが生じる時期
・管理職や仕事が変わって3年程度のタイミング
→悪い意味での“慣れ”や“マンネリ感”が生じてくる時期
メンバーの年齢構成や自社の組織状況に応じて、課題が生じている節目のタイミングでの研修を検討すると良いでしょう。
組織が動いたタイミング
多くの組織では、年度の変わり目では、組織編成の変更が生じます。
実は、組織開発の視点で見ると、異動などでメンバーが一人でも入れ替わると、「チームワーク」というものは一度壊れることになります。したがって、組織が動いたタイミングでは、チームビルディングなどの研修を実施することが効果的です。
なお、チームビルディングは、組織内の小さなピラミッド(〇〇チーム、〇〇課)といった単位でも大事ですが、各ピラミッドのリーダーがつくる大きなピラミッド(事業部長と営業課長・製造課長・開発課長でつくる〇〇事業部のマネジメントチーム)のチームビルディングが非常に重要です。
小さなチームが機能しないと現場での施策がうまくいきませんが、マネジメントチームのチームワークが実現していないと、正しい意思決定やスピーディーな意思決定、機能間の連携などがうまくいきません。
マネジメントチームの不全は、短期的には影響が見えづらいですが、中長期的な組織の生産性や発展に大きな影響をもたらしますので、注意が必要です。
新しいスキルを習得させるべきタイミング
新たな戦略や方針を打ち出す際には、メンバーに必要な業務遂行スキルを身に付けてもらう必要があります。
例えば、
・コロナ禍に伴ってオンライン営業を促進する → オンライン営業研修
・リモートワークを推進する → 遠隔マネジメント研修
・提案営業を促進する → 提案営業研修
といった形です。
ほかにも業界の新技術やトレンド、新製品がリリースされた時にも、社員教育で必要な知識をインプットすることが必要になるでしょう。
社員教育の効果を高める方法
社員教育は社員の時間を使って、またコストをかけて実施するものです。実施する社員教育の効果性を高めるためには、以下4つのポイントを意識・検討することがおススメです。
「4:2:4の法則」を守る
4:2:4の法則とは、研修前の意識付け:研修そのもの:研修後のフォローが4:2:4の割合で研修効果に影響するという考え方です。つまり、研修効果を高めるには研修そのものよりも、じつは研修前の関わり方と研修後のフォローアップが重要です。
<研修効果への影響>
研修前の関わりでいえば、どんなに質の高い研修であっても、受講者に学ぶ姿勢がなければ効果は期待できません。
「言われたから嫌々研修に参加する」メンバーと「今回の研修でこれを身に付けて帰ろう」と考えているメンバーを比べて、同じ研修を受けた時にどちらの研修効果が高いかを考えれば容易に想像できます。
しかし、研修前に「なぜ、この研修をするのか」「なぜ、あなたに参加してもらうのか」「新たなスキルを身に付けることでどんな可能性が開けるのか」といった意識付けをしている企業は極めて少ないのが実情です。
また、研修は実際の職務で実践されてはじめて実施した意味を持ちます。従って、研修と実務のブリッジングや、学んだことを実践させる仕組みは非常に重要です。研修だけやって、実務に活かされなければ研修費用をドブに捨てるようなものです。
研修内で「実務で何を実践するかを決める」こと、また実行をフォローする(実行させる)こと、実践した体験を振り返ること等を研修全体の設計に組み込むことが大切です。
マインドや考え方とスキルのバランスに注意する
人の成長や成果は「木」にたとえることができます。
- 地面の下にある目に見えづらい「根」 = マインドや考え方
- 地面の上にある目に見えやすい「幹」や「枝」 = スキル
- 枝の先に成る果実 = 成果
果実をつけるためには幹や枝を豊かに張り巡らすことが必要ですが、枝に水分や養分を届けたり、幹を支えたりする根がしっかりしていないと、長期的・継続的に果実を実らせることはできません。
社員教育を実施する目的は、個人と組織の生産性向上等を通じて「成果」を得ることです。そのためにはもちろん「スキル」強化が必要ですが、同時に、根っことなる「マインドや考え方」も大切です。
実際、スキル研修で効果が出ないときや、組織内連携がうまくいっていないときなどは、スキルでなく仕事への姿勢やコミュニケーションの考え方といったマインド面が不足しているケースも少なくありません。
社員教育を設計する際には、スキル教育に偏らず、マインドやコミュニケーションの姿勢、ミッションビジョンバリューの浸透などをバランスよく実施することが大切です。
単発ではなく継続する
人は新たな能力を身に付ける際、反復練習を繰り返し行なうことで能力を会得します。
社員教育も同じで、研修を一度実施したからいきなり成果が出るわけではありません。社員教育は継続的に実施することが重要で、最低でも3年間は継続するぐらいの気構えが必要です。
感覚としては、スキル系は1年間、マインド系やコミュニケーション系は2年間、ミッションビジョンバリューの浸透やリーダー育成は3年間ぐらいの時間軸で考えることが適切でしょう。
外部利用を選択肢に入れる
教育効果は教え方のスキルによって大きく変わります。そのため、社員教育の講師は教える内容に合わせて最適な講師を選定しましょう。
例えば、ミッションビジョンバリュー等は経営陣がレクチャーしたり、社員同士でディスカッションしたりするワークショップ形式が有効です。また、商品・サービスに関する価値や売り方、事例共有などは、実際に現場にいる営業メンバーが最適です。
一方で、マインド面の教育では、社内の人間が話すよりも、社外講師が第三者として同じことを伝えたほうが受け止めやすい傾向もあります。また、ビジネスマナーや営業の型など、守破離の「守」を基盤として教育したい場合は、外部のプロのほうがノウハウを持っていることも多いでしょう。
また、チームビルディングなども、利害関係がない第三者がファシリテートしたほうがスムーズに運ぶことも多々あります。研修テーマに応じて、社内講師が実施するのが良いか、外部に依頼するのが良いかを検討してみましょう。
まとめ
社員教育は個の成長と組織力の強化を目的として実施される、人的資源への投資です。適切な対象やタイミング、実施方法を選択することで、組織の生産性向上や成長が見込めます。
社員教育を実施するタイミングは企業によっても異なりますが、下記5つのタイミングが社員教育を考える基本的なタイミングとなります。
・入社時
・新たなポジションへの変化
・入社1年や3年、ライフイベントやマンネリ感が生じるような節目のタイミング
・組織編成の変化
・新たな戦略や施策、商品などのリリース
自社の組織構成やビジネス課題等も考慮しながら、適切なタイミングで研修を実施することで、組織の生産性を高めましょう。
記事でも紹介したような社員教育を効果的にするためのノウハウを社内に取り入れたり、研修の効果性を高めたりするためには、外部の研修会社を使うことも選択肢の一つです。
著者情報
株式会社ジェイック 執行役員|上海杰意可邁伊茲企業管理咨詢有限公司 副董事長
知見寺 直樹
東北大学を卒業後、大手コンサルティング会社へ入社。その後、株式会社エフアンドエム副本部長、チャレンジャー・グレイ・クリスマス常務取締役等を経て、2009年ジェイック常務取締役に就任。総経理として上海法人(上海杰意可邁伊茲企業管理咨詢有限公司 )の立ち上げ等を経て、現在はHumanResourceおよび事業開発を担当する。
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